Social insurance

The Social Security is an insurance system in which the insured risks of sickness, maternity, long-term care, accident at work, occupational disease, unemployment, invalidity, old age and death are shared by all insured. It is not insurance.

In the statutory social insurance is obligatory to keep up with high and low risks (eg sick and healthy ) to avoid selection for people and to achieve a cohesive balance among the insured regardless of the amount of contributions paid. There are included also those individuals who might otherwise because of their low income or high risk no kind of protection, for example by a private insurance company, obtain.

The social security system is an integral part of the state organization of social security. The state delegated some tasks to the Social Security, which manages itself ( subsidiarity). The social security benefits are mainly financed by insurance premiums that are usually worn equally by the insured workers and by employers, supplemented by tax -funded government subsidies.

Social be operated depending on the state or insurance branch of government institutions, public bodies or private bodies.

There are different branches of social security.

  • Health insurance
  • Accident insurance
  • The pension insurance
  • Long term care insurance
  • Unemployment
  • 3.1 Coordination of social services within the EU
  • 3.2 National Accounts

History

The statutory social security were mostly launched in the second half of the 19th or early 20th century (beginning of large-scale industry ) to life. Beginning in 1883, accident insurance and finally the pension scheme in Germany by Chancellor Bismarck out the statutory health insurance, then inserted. They were mainly focused on the working class.

" My thought was to win the working classes, or shall I say bribe to view the state as a social institution that is because of them and ensure their well want "

On the one hand social unrest and socialism should be dealt with on the other hand should already existing, voluntary social insurance of trade unions and employers' organizations have the economic base ecclesial be withdrawn.

Configuration

The contributions are usually calculated using the gross wages and salaries ( usually up to a sector-specific upper limit). The insurances are financed by employer and employee contributions depending on the class to different parts ( see also low-wage jobs), partly there are government tax subsidies ( based, inter alia, as a compensation for so-called non-insurance benefits ). The insurance contributions are paid for both sides by the employer to the insurance company. For this he receives from the local employment agency operating a number.

Payment of claims

The payout is oriented to the acquired rights (eg pensions or sick pay ) or there is the same for all benefits in kind for the benefit becomes payable.

Social security systems of individual states

In Germany is the social security that has been built in stages since 1883, the most important institution of social security. It is a government closely regulated care for major risks of existence, which is organized by self-governing insurance carriers. To secure the premium income consists mainly compulsory insurance for individuals and organizations. The power requirement of one year is almost entirely financed by the premium income of the same year, that is, accumulated capital is primarily used only as a short-term fluctuation ( sustainability reserve, generation contract ). The services are provided primarily as same for all insured benefits in kind ( solidarity principle) or as contributory cash benefits ( eg pensions, sick pay ). It is financed for the most part from contributions, in some branches also from tax revenues. The contributions are oriented up to the contribution ceiling of gross wages and salaries and are supported ( with some exceptions) " equal ", so each half of employers (as wage labor costs) and employees. Legal basis of social insurance are the Social Code ( SGB ) and even a few provisions of the Reich Insurance Code ( RVO).

Also in Austria, the social security budget is measured on the most important and most expensive social security institution, and there is a large liability insurance. To a first legal regulation of social security came in 1889; today it is largely regulated by the General Law on Social Security ( General Social Security Act ).

In Switzerland, the social security is the most important institution of social security, and it is largely compulsory insurance. The statutory insurance companies in Switzerland are governed by the three-pillar system - firstly, a compulsory insurance of the entire population, secondly insurance for the working population and third, voluntary, individual private coverage. ( See also non-wage labor costs Switzerland )

In Germany, Austria and Switzerland in addition to the insurance benefits in the narrow sense include prevention and rehabilitation of the tasks of social security.

The social systems within the EU have significant differences. For example, financing the social insurance in Sweden, among others, a maternity leave.

In Britain, the welfare system was Prime Minister Attlee during his tenure (1945 - 1951) significantly expanded.

Coordination of social security benefits within the EU

Intergovernmental Agreement on Social Security to support particular individuals with cross-border economic activity in two States in maintaining their social rights. At European level, the EEC Regulation No 1408/ 71 and its implementing rules ( Regulation EEC No 574/72 ) social security of workers, self-employed persons and members of their families moving within the Community and. They apply since the entry into force of the Agreement between Switzerland and the EU on the free movement of persons on 1 June 2002 for Switzerland. Those regulations were extended by the EC Regulation No. 859/2003 to third country nationals, also has its situation on the boundary of a single Member State.

At European level, the different social systems are not unified, but are merely coordinated. So Social Security benefits are partially also made ​​by the country of origin, if the person lives in another state. In contrast, special non-contributory cash benefits are provided exclusively in the country of residence to eligible residents.

An EU-wide social security registers is not planned, according to the Bundestag in May 2007; an abuse of the E -101 certificates would be better addressed by electronic processing.

The Article 141 ( formerly Article 119 EEC ) refers to equal pay for men and women and thus detects Although contributory security systems ( in particular workplace security systems, since the contribution is treated as the payment compensation ), but not tax funded state systems of basic security. In July 2008, the European Commission published a draft Directive (COM 426 ), the discrimination is to prevent, among other things in the area of ​​social security. The former " Directive 79/7/EEC on the progressive implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in matters of social security " so far does not offer protection from indirect discrimination on state systems of social protection (social assistance and in Germany since 1 January 2005 unemployment benefit II). The prohibition of discrimination contained in this Directive does not prejudice under Article 3, paragraph 1 b Directive 79/7/EEC only in a system of social assistance when there is a legal system to protect against employee risks of sickness, invalidity, old age, accidents at work, occupational disease, unemployment " supplement or replace " should.

Several conventions of the International Labour Organisation made ​​to social security at the international level. These reasons after their ratification by the competent authorities of a Member State for this legal obligations.

National Accounts

In the national accounts (SNA ), the statutory social security, together with the local authorities (federal, state, local ) the government sector.

The financial balance of the statutory social security system in the national accounts definition, unlike the definition of the financing statement is therefore in the government balance a whole. The borrowing of general government total in the national accounts is the subject of the " Maastricht criteria ".

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