Socionics

Socionics (English Socionics; composed of society " society" and bionics " bionics " ), in the field of psychology, sociology and computer science, the theory of informational - psychological personality types and the relationships between them, based on the typology of Carl Gustav Jung and the theory of information metabolism ( Antoni Kępiński ), is distinguished by the existence of an information model of the psyche and a prognostic model of interpersonal relationships. Socionics was developed in the 1970s and 1980s by the Lithuanian researcher Aušra Augustinavičiūtė, an economist, sociologist and psychologist. At the same time, she was director of the Department of Marriage and Family Vilnius Pedagogical University

The academic recognition of Socionics as a science is reflected in the teaching of these, more than 150 state universities of Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and other countries on the basis of government programs, in research in the field of Socionics at universities as well as in the use of socio -technological methods in more than 800 dissertations on all humanities and some sciences.

The main advantage is the user 's view, not only in the analysis of the relationships that can exist between different types. The application areas of Socionics are not limited to: career choice, mate selection, compilation of work groups, enhance existing relationships and general knowledge of human nature. Also dating agencies rely on socio- American classification of customers.

• 2.1 dichotomies 2.1.1 Logic - Ethics
• 2.1.2 Intuition - Sensors
• 2.1.3 introversion - extraversion
• 2.1.4 rationality - irrationality

• 3.1 Socionics and Psychology
• 3.2 Socionics and personality typologies, MBTI

History

For their theory Aušra Augustinavičiūtė has the name " socionics " suggested since А.Augustinavičiūtė was convinced as a sociologist and psychologist that each personality type in the company fulfills a special function that can be described with the help of Socionics and explained. Using the theory of information metabolism ( exchange of information) Antoni Kępiński, the principles of cybernetics and computer science to the typology of CG Jung, highlights the Socionics forth and describes certain types of information exchange between subjects depending on their characteristic personality types, which one of as " type information metabolism " (TIM ) denotes, or" sozionischer type ". From the theory of the mental functions of CG Jung, the Socionics leads an existence of 16 such types here, as a result of various combinations of eight mental functions that are considered " functions of information exchange ", each of which performs its own, separate, specific type of information and processed - as one of the eight aspects of the single stream of information that perceives the psyche.

Status

Depending on the sequence of functions produce different types of Psyche, thinking, perception, behavior strategy. Socionics used in the information model, each of the 16 types of eight functions, unlike in the model of CG Jung, who has used only four psychological functions for the description of each of the eight types of its typology. The functions of information exchange (information metabolism) are looking at each type in a certain hierarchical order and exchange information with similar functions of other personality types. The type of informational cooperation, as the result of different relationships between people arise from attraction and cooperation to rejection and conflict, is determined by the positions of these features in the information structures of communicating psyches.

Socionics has emerged as a specialized science in the border area between the sociology, psychology, biology and computer science. She explores different personality types, their practical manifestations in the social environment and the interrelationships between them. The personality is explored as a complex systemic structure that is realized at least four functional levels: the biological ( human - nature ), psychological ( human being - human ), social ( human - society ), the information level (Human - civilization, Internet ).

This means that Socionics is a science that studies the process of sharing information between the person and the environment, how people connect, use and disclose information.

One should not mix the typology in the context of socionics and the typology of Myers -Briggs: they have significant differences in the description of structures of types, especially the introverts. In addition, the Socionics of the Myers -Briggs typology differs not only by an existing clear information model of the psyche, but also by a consistent model of empirically observed inter typical relationships.

Socionics specifically explored the mechanisms and processes by which man perceives and evaluates the incoming information. In this context, the person becomes a psychological information system, which has specific channels of communication. The interpersonal communication is represented accordingly as the exchange of information (information metabolism ), where the term "information " is understood quite widely: an information can be verbal and non- verbal be be printed in facial expressions and gestures, have feelings, moods and impressions of works of art the character of information.

Not only individuals ( their relations considered more general Socionics ), but also groups, teams, ethnic groups and even states can be subjects of informational interactions, and the consequent relationships. This is the look object of more general "integral socionics ", which is closely related to sociology. In the context of socio- American model can also be the informational interaction between humans and complex technical objects and information systems consider ..

That's why you can see the Socionics in general as a science about types of mental information systems define - such as man, the team, the ethnicity, the country, as well as the interactions between them, or as a science about types of information exchange.

Some authors define the Socionics as informational bionics, which is first to use under the Humanities an information model, as a "tool " for the exploration and prediction of the ecology of human relations, the behavior and of developing such complex objects, such as the modern man and the modern societies ..

The importance of Socionics is applied in the proper assessment of their own potential of a person, and the determination of appropriate ways of self-realization, career choices, as well as in an objective perception of the skills and potential of other people in order to build harmonious relationships with them.

A number of researchers emphasizes that the Socionics is a reliable tool for the optimization and development of the personality of man, for the exploration of their professional competence. Socionics oriented a person in his life that brings him to thinking how to realize his abilities is to a specialist and a work place that corresponds to his inclinations and desires. Depending on the type you can vocational interests and abilities of people find out - even the one for whose statement it did not have any opportunity. The special appeal of socionics is that you can extract the concepts and use them in everything connected with human activities.

Since the late 80s Socionics has the most growth, the most widely used and popularity in Ukraine and Russia recorded, where several hundred specialist research in this area and thousands of practicing psychologists, business leaders, recruiters, managers, teachers, sociologists, political scientists, business coach, matchmaker, athletic trainers, physicians, law-enforcement officials, as well as specialists for training pilots and astronauts learn and use the Socionics. Socionics enjoys a great popularity on the Internet at Psychology prospects who understand themselves and their interlocutors and want to get along in personal relationships. Your devoted over two million pages, mostly on Russian and English.

Already in 1991, the International Institute of Socionics (IIS ) ( director Dr. Aleksandr Bukalov ) was in Kiev (Ukraine ) officially established, which combines many specialists of Socionics and a number of scientific groups and schools in different countries and coordinate their work. In 2006, the International Scientific Council was established for Socionics at the International Institute of Socionics, which a number of known habilitated doctors joined. The International Scientific Council expresses qualification degree of Batchelor, Masters and Doctors of Philosophy in the field of socionics according to set standard rules. Starting with 1991 organized annual international conferences on IIS Socionics and its application in human relations, management, education, education, psychology, psychotherapy, sociology, software development and other areas. The International Institute of Socionics publishes four scientific and applied -reviewed journals, about Socionics and practical application of their methods in management, education, psychology, etc.

In Moscow since 1997, the Research Institute for Socionics (Head - Dr. Tatiana Prokofieva ) active, informed by the Socionics adopted by the International Institute of Socionics curricula. The graduates receive bachelor's and master 's degrees from the International Institute of Socionics. Socionics and their methods, including various training courses are also offered by a number of other socio- African schools in Ukraine, Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria.

Socionics as a scientific discipline

Since 2000, the Socionics has received recognition as a scientific discipline and scientific field and a distribution as such in a number of countries. Status 2012: academic research and applied work is carried out in Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Armenia, Georgia, Moldova, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Estonia, Austria, Germany, USA and other countries.

Socionics is taught in over 150 universities or other higher education institutions, in Russia, Ukraine, the Commonwealth of Independent States, other countries ( CIS ), Bulgaria, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, either as a separate course or as part of courses in sociology, education social psychology, management, leadership psychology, human resources, conflict studies, social work and tourism, computer science and programming, philosophy, neuroscience, journalism, BID, social work, teaching of foreign languages ​​and others, including engineering in view of the applicability of the methodology of Socionics.

The Austrian professors G.Fink and W.Mayrhofer call Socionics as one of four personality models that earn their opinion, special attention Berereich in personality research, including the Cybernetic Mindscape Theory by Maruyama, the Five Factor Model (FFM ), often called "Big Five", and the Myers -Briggs typology, ..

There appear four academic and applied journals, which are devoted to the Socionics and its practical applications in various fields: " Socionics, Mentologie and personality psychology ", "Management and Personnel: Managerial Psychology, Socionics and Sociology ", " Psychology and Socionics of intertypic relations," " Education, Psychology and Bildungssozionik ".

Every year there are international and regional conferences on Socionics and the application of socio- African technologies in management, education, education, sociology, practical psychology, psychotherapy, social work, conflict studies, linguistics, computer science and other fields.

In total, more than 3500 scientific papers were published in peer-review journals that Socionics and its practical applications are dedicated.

Universities in Russia, the Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, published a number of books and monographs on Socionics or psychology, education and management, in which specific sections of Socionics and socio -technological methods were dedicated.

Socionics is used in educational activities, as a sociological Socionics, as aviation Socionics, in libraries, and in other disciplines.

Most commonly found Socionics its application in education, not only as a tool of the teacher to control the learning process, but also as a basis for the development and advancement of the education and skills training. It is confirmed that a teacher who is familiar with sozionischem knowledge and technology, consciously improve interactions with the audience and increase the efficiency of professional activity. A targeted application of the relations between the types makes it possible to intensify an educational process to strengthen the motivation of the students. Socionics is also applicable for the assessment of individual psychological and personal characteristics of a person in order to predict the success of his business.

Socionics is interesting in the field of advertising and marketing because it allows to explain the causes of consumer behavior.

Socionics serves as a tool for the study of personality and literary work of a writer who typology of people in his works. The method of lingua - African socio modeling, proposed by Komissarova LM is applied in the analysis of individual vocabulary of a literary character in the lexicon of modern feminine prose. A translation of the socio- African characteristics in linguistic called " Lingua socio African method".

Socio- technological methods have been proposed for the modeling of the information processes in the system " man-machine ", they are also used for modeling the system " operator - aircraft " in pilot training, and other similar areas.

Because of the diversity of applications of Socionics, their concepts and information models, was proposed in the 1990s to distinguish between the Persönnlichkeits or the differential Socionics and the general, more abstract and integral socionics. A number of specialists believe that conceptions of information metabolism ( exchange of information ), the cybernetic modeling and general theory of systems allow departing from the scope of the actual psychology and sociology, and view information interactions between technical systems, as well as types of the information interactions between the human operator and the various technical and electronic control systems in large companies, including chemical, nuclear power plants, complex computer systems with adaptive and customizable interfaces.

Methods of Socionics were successfully used by scientific advisors of the International Institute of Socionics and of their colleagues in the management, reconstruction and teambuilding in more than 150 companies, firms, banks and companies in Russia, Ukraine, Latvia and other countries, including 30 companies of Russian gas company Gazprom in the Russian north.

In training center for astronauts called YES Gagarin ( Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center ) in Zvezdny Gorodok (Russia) to use under the guidance of scientific senior assistant, Dr. RB Bogdaschevski successfully since 1992, the methods of Socionics in preparing the Russian astronauts and international space team on space flights since questions of interpersonal compatibility and efficiency of cooperation are very important for the success of the flight under extreme conditions and in a closed room. In Zvezdny Gorodok one conducts applied seminars on the use of socio -technological methods and personality typology in preparation for space flights. Questions of the formation of space crews, especially on longer flights were in the context of the Space Forum 2011 and the conference considered " Manned flights in the universe " (Conference " Piloted Flights into Space" ), which in the Zvezdny Gorodok and Bureau Russian Academy of Science were held, in lectures by Dr. med.Bogdaschevski RB, Dr. Bukalov AV and Dr. Karpenko O.B.

Experiments

Studies and statistical analyzes of the " typical inter- relations " in stable couples who were conducted by research staff of the International Institute of Socionics, confirm those described in the socio- American theory of A. Augustinavičiūtė " laws of psychological compatibility ".

Experimental investigations of more than 200 teams ( 10,000 people ) that when fewer resources (time, mental processes) were measured at the result of their joint activity, socio- American teams ( teams that have been formed by cheap international relations typical ) productive. Seen in the socionics as a peculiar synthesis of various theories nowadays, the easiest and most novel method of team building of labor, student and other social groups with a pre-determined task.

Numerous targeted research that ( a panel of more than 2300 people ) were performed on a number of universities with a panel of hundreds and thousands of people, including flight crews and teams to confirm the laws of socionics. Therefore, the Socionics is both included in state education programs aircrews, as well as in a number of basic programs of higher education in the Russian Federation and other countries in a wide range of degree programs.

Experimental investigation of a number of air traffic control, which was conducted at St- Petersburg State University of Civil Aviation, has also shown that on the basis of the SMIB ( Socio- niche model of inter typical relations ) calculated correlation index of the quality of interaction very reliable with data from the sociometric color tests of the relationship.

Model

Dichotomies

Socionics believes that personality characteristics and psychological inclinations of a people are unequal. Although some of these characteristics contribute an opposite character, but belong to the same subject so that they can be regarded as two poles of the same scale. Such Skalas referred to in the Socionics as dichotomies. In the psyche of a person one of these opposite qualities is always more strongly represented than the other, it predominates. Man can work over the vast property longer, qualitatively and quantitatively absorb more information, solve complex tasks and generate creative solutions. The other end is less pronounced and plays a supporting role. It is no less important for the psyche.

The predominance of one pole is innate according to the latest findings. Already rational infants are more prone to constant Schlafrhytmen and solid food intake times when irrational. During the lifetime of both properties will be further developed and the relation between them may shift by example from 60:40 to 30:70. The principal preponderance of one pole is however always obtained, a tilting of the poles is not known.

Logic - Ethics

This dichotomy describes the way people evaluate information. People who are more prone to provide information according to logical criteria such as true- false, efficient - inefficient, expensive to cheap - rate, etc., are referred to as a logician '. People who are more inclined to provide information according to ethical criteria such as good-bad, like - dislike, exciting - boring to rate etc., are referred to as ethicists.

Intuition - Sensors

This dichotomy describes the way people take in information.

People who are more inclined to abstract thinking, lighter and faster understand the bigger picture and sketchy represent better with possibilities and probabilities ( might, maybe, probably, the potential of an idea, talents a person) and temporal developments bypass (prognosis, forecast, trend) is referred to as intuitive.

People who are more prone to specific and detailed way of thinking, for precision and accuracy, rather " here and now" live a better feel for solid details the present as heat, cold, soft, hard, rough - smooth, fragrances, Geschmackt, colors and shades, physical well-being, have a better feel for the place as for the time of the event is referred to as sensory assessors.

Introversion - Extraversion

This dichotomy describes the attitude of people to objects and relationships between them.

Individuals whose attention is mainly objects and their properties are called extroverts. They have a higher respect for property, not for relationships between objects. Consequently, they change easier relations between objects, as valuable objects and thus create more new connections.

Individuals whose attention is mainly relations between objects, as well as himself and the objects are called introverts. They have a higher appreciation for relationships between objects than for objects themselves Thus they change object properties easier and easier to create new objects that match the existing network of contacts.

Extra - and introverted people have a different attitude to energy exchange. Introverts tend in their actions to the economical use of energy and more work in the depth that extravert people give off more energy and get back more energy, their thinking is more in width.

Rationality - irrationality

Rational people are more ' plan people, " they prefer to draw up plans and to move along these plans at distant targets. Sudden new opportunities that do not fit in the current plan are left rather lie or later included in another plan. It is preferable to work in a linear sequence, the first task is started and completed before one turns to another. Rational ethicists can, for example, their emotional state and sensory assessors rational plan their physical and health condition.

Irrational people are more ' spontaneous people, " they are more open to new opportunities and more interested in this. From stare plans they feel more concentrated than supported. You work on a project until a stimulus appears to turn to another, which in turn can bring ideas for a third project. Or you can return to the first, with unpredictable interruptions for other tasks. The tasks are done in parallel rather than linear.

In the Company accept rational people the task of creating traditions and maintain. This provides the basis for the preservation and dissemination of knowledge, what is already known and tried and tested. Irrational People take on the task to respond to changing conditions and to break with outdated traditions, which leads to a better adaptation of society to reality changes.

These four dichotomies enumerated are called Jungian basis.

In addition to these, there are further 11 dichotomies, which are called Reyninsche features. These are:

• Strategy - tactics
• Static - dynamic
• Positivism - Negativism
• Process - outcome
• Mirth - seriousness
• Deliberation - determination
• Questimität - Deklatimität
• Aristocracy - democracy
• Compliance - tenacity
• Carelessness - prudence
• Constructivism emotivism

Small groups

Not all mental properties have a dichotomoschen character. If, for example, the dichotomy logic - ethics with the dichotomy crosses introversion - extraversion, you get four different groups:

An example. Small group " communication styles "

Persons belonging to one of these groups, in this case have in their thinking and behavior relevant group characteristics:

For Business ( extraverted logician ) a communication means more exchange of proposals for action. "Come on, let's do it! " " Come and visit us! "

For Passionate ( extraverted ethics ) a communication means more exchange of emotions. "Unlike later George Orwell, who is always angry, Wells is an extraordinary, one might almost say, terribly relaxed Author"

For stoic ( introverted logician ) a communication means more exchange of factual information and signs of mental peace. " You ... always stay calm, serene, relaxed, smiling. Are they ... when the situations come to a head so ... inside as cool as they appear to the outside? "(Via a stolid )

For warm -hearted ( introverted ethicists ) a communication means more exchange of signs of psychological aversion to or exchange. "That's nice. "

The behavior and language, for example, an extrovert ethicist occur randomly on more characteristics of their own group, less the two adjacent, and hardly the opposite group.

All 4 groups together form so that a group of 4, which bears the name communication styles. In Socionics about a dozen such groups of 4 were investigated, which is also referred to as small groups or groups of 4. They describe, inter alia, Differences in work motivation in the stress sensitivity, etc.

The eight aspects

The theory of the aspects is the foundation and cornerstone of Socionics, because the aspects and their arrangement in the A- model (see below) provide the explanation for the behavior of the respective types and quality of interpersonal relationships typical. One aspect is a combination of the first dichotomy ( E / I ) and said second (N / S) and the third dichotomy (T / F). This results in a total of eight different aspects: Ne, Ni, Se, Si, Te, Ti, Fe, Fi. Through every aspect is a part of the world, and especially one's ability to process information from this part of the area described. To simplify and visualization, it is customary to represent the aspects symbolically.

The 16 types

The combination of the four dichotomies to 16 very different types arise. Similarities and differences are not primarily dependent on the number of matching dichotomies. For example, INTj and ENTP each other much more similar than INTj and INTp or ENTP and always attentive.

As designations 4- tuples are used in German and English speaking countries mostly, the four characteristics of the individual dichotomies are thus strung together. In contrast to the MBTI while the last letter is lowercase to avoid confusion between the two systems.

Examples:

• Introverted - intuitive - logical- rational (English: introverted - intuitive -thinking - judging ) = INTj
• Extrovert - sensory- ethical- irrational (English: extroverted -sensory -feeling- perceiving ) = ESFP

In the Russian-speaking 3- tuples are used mostly arising from the two dominant functions and the expression of the first dichotomy ( extroversion / introversion ). However, some other letters are used as abbreviations: E = extraversion, introversion = I, I = intuition, sensor = S, E = ethics, logic = L.

Examples:

• INTj = logical - intuitive - introverted = LII
• ESFP = sensory- ethical extrovert = SEE

Also standard is the symbolic name of a type using its dominant features. Furthermore, each type were assigned an appropriate role and a known person for illustrative purposes. The assignment celebrity to a certain type, however, is often disputed.

Thus, five different names per type are used, which can certainly make for some confusion:

Examples:

• INTj = LII == analyst = Robespierre
• ESFP = SEE == Diplomat = Caesar

Relationships between the types

The relationship analysis is the aspect that distinguishes the Socionics from all other typologies, since the individual relations in socionics are described in great detail.

According to leading Sozioniker each of intertypic relations has her preferred field and a recommended distance. For example, since a dual relationship is relaxing and harmonizing effect on the psyche, it is often recommended for private life, but not for work, where an excessive mental relaxation can easily lead to underestimation of the importance of problem. Attempts to shorten the psychological distance in unsuitable intertypic relationships can lead to negative psychosomatic consequences. In order to predict the course of a relationship, or to work on existing relationships, a secure identification of the respective types of course, is required.

The A- model

The so-called A- 16 each of the model types are assigned a specific sequence of eight aspects. The positions 1-8 to be construed as different functions. After the presentation of informational metabolism to interactions between the functions of the types and the world arise. The functions receive, interpret, evaluate and generate information of the aspects that are associated with them. However, each of the eight functions acting on different levels and with different intensity. The functions also work in pairs as so-called horizontal and vertical blocks. For example, the basic function and creativity form the function block " Edo " which coordinates the function of other blocks.

Socio niche groups and Reyninsche features

In addition to the four dichotomies of CG Jung, there are other, describe the other differences in human thinking. 11 of which are the Reyninsche features:

• Aristocracy - Democracy
• Resilience - persistence
• Carelessness - prudence
• Constructivism - emotivism
• Strategy - Tactics
• Statics - Dynamics
• Positivism - negativism
• Process - result
• Mirth - seriousness
• Deliberation - determination
• Questimität - Deklatimität

Different combinations of these dichotomies resulting socio- African groups, small groups, or groups of 4 named. All 16 types are divided into 4 groups by two Dichotomiern a 4 types, with members of each of these groups have certain psychological similarities that distinguishes them from other groups. For example, a crossing of the dichotomies logic ethics with the dichotomy of introversion - extraversion yields 4 " Komunikationsstile " groups: " Business ", " Passionate ", " stoic ", "warm -hearted ". For group of 4 of the " business profits " includes all extraverted logician and they have in common is that they understand a communication primarily as an exchange of proposals.

Comparison with psychology and personality typologies

Socionics and Psychology

Most points of contact between Socionics and psychology can be found in psychoanalysis and transactional analysis. This state is the fact thanks to them that the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud used the same as the first researcher to a structured model for the study of the psyche.

The horizontal blocks in the model A have the following psychological significance:

Tatiana Prokofieva, psychologist and Sozionikerin, investigated and substantiated the Zusammenhänbge of socio- American model with various psychology fields:

• With the stage model of Erik Erikson,
• With the stage theory of abstract intelligence of Yakov Feldman,
• With the basic forms of anxiety by Fritz Riemann. It showed that the basic fears arise when the child's first four stages of development according to Erikson goes through, and that these correspond to the weak features in the model A.

A comprehensive method of psychological and socio- American consultations was developed based on these compounds. Here, the problems of personality development can be localized on the individual functions.

Table. Stage model of psychosocial development Erikson and Model A

The run up in the '00s into a discussion about whether the Socionics is to be settled in psychology are subsided by the end of the decade. For 2009, sufficiently fundamental differences between Socionics and psychology have crystallized out to answer in the negative rather.

Table. Differences between Psychology and Socionics after V.Gulenko

Comparative Example: Using a psychological test can quickly determine the value of the FFM extraversion, high or low. From the perspective of Socionics this value is not very meaningful without regard to the underlying psychological structure of a person:

1 A high value of extraversion could, for example, indicate a high degree of development of personality and a strong expression of the dichotomy Intro-/Extraversion in their psyche. He says nothing about whether the value of introversion in a possible measurement would not be even higher. For a determination of the underlying predominant psychological tendency of a person to measure two poles and their comparison is inevitable.

2 A high value of extraversion says nothing about its origin. If it comes from the super - ego, because the person believes that it meets the expectations of society and that it must be so? Is it possibly even proud that they are very well fulfilled the expectations society? If the extraversion from the super ID, because the person wants to be an extrovert? Or it comes from the ego, because it is so?

Without reliable answers to these two questions, the measured value remains very situational and temporary, can not be used for long-term forecasts.

Socionics and personality typologies, MBTI

Both Socionics and MBTI are based on the typology of Carl Gustav Jung, but independently in the Soviet Union ( Socionics ) or in the USA ( MBTI ) were developed. Mid-80s to Aušra Augustinavičiūtė intensely occupied with MBTI to improve the understanding of the socio- American types. The 00 with the progressive exploration of the properties of individual functions and socio- African groups, interest in MBTI, however, has waned considerably, comparisons between socionics and MBTI exist today mainly just interested in English-speaking circles.

The main problem of types, and other areas, such as Spiral Dynamics is its descriptive character, so they often do not fit to the structured and modeled character of Socionics. For specialists a TIM in Socionics is primarily a psychological model that serve up to 30 existing type descriptions by different authors is mainly the popularisierender and explanatory presentation for customers and prospects. The concept of inter- typical relations is a unique feature of Socionics and exists neither in personality typologies still in MBTI. This makes it e.g. impossible with MBTI to predict a long-term development of relations in pairs and teams.

While the MBTI model was only slightly developed in the last decades, the theory building of Socionics is continually expanding. However, most publications appear exclusively in Russian-speaking countries.