Sparganium
Branched bur-reed ( Sparganium erectum )
The bur-reed ( Sparganium ) are one of the two genera of the family of the cattail plants ( Typhaceae ) within the order of Süßgrasartigen ( Poales ). It includes 19 to 30 species.
They are aquatic and marsh plants, which can develop in wetlands dense stands. A special feature of the plant is the way branching Rispige inflorescence of several purely weiblichblütigen and an overlying pure männlichblütigen spherical part inflorescences. The beaked fruits form a sphere with outward peak - hence the name bur reed.
- 9.1 External links
Etymology
The name Sparganium derived probably from the Greek spárganon = band. The reference to features of plants is unclear.
Dissemination
Bur reed are mainly distributed in temperate to arctic zones of the Northern Hemisphere. A few deposits are found in Australia and New Zealand.
Description
Bur reed are green overwintering perennial herbaceous plants. There are water and marsh plants ( hydrophytes, helophytes ) with underground creeping rhizomes as Überdauerungsorganen. Some of them grow or totally submerged with floating leaves and inflorescences flutend at the water surface. The leaf arrangement of the stalk is always glabrous, alternate and strictly distichous ( distich ). The leaves are long and with parallel edges ( linear ) and grassy and are made of a spongy tissue collapsible swimming. The parallel venation leaf blades are pre-curved edged outwardly and inwardly flat, so that in cross-section results in a triangle - in contrast to the cattails with a semicircular blade cross-section. The leaf sheaths are always open. At the vaginal orifices in the transition to Spreite no ligule ( ligules ) are developed.
They are monoecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( monoecious ). The way branching Rispige total inflorescence ( inflorescence ) of the bur reed consists of spherical partial inflorescences. The inflorescence is of bracts ( bracts ) interspersed - in contrast to the species of cattail plants. The larger prickly female ball heads are in the lower part, the männlichblütigen in the upper part of the inflorescence branches arranged. The individual flowers are threefold spelzenlos. The perianth ( perianth ) of the female flowers consists of membranous scales that surrounds an ovary with spatulate scar. The one to eight stamens of the individual male flowers are also surrounded by a few basal scales. The heyday of the hedgehog piston extends from May to August.
The distribution unit ( diaspore ) is formed from the single-seeded nut fruit ( achene ).
Ecology
The species of the genus Sparganium are pollinated by the wind ( Anemogamie ). In some species, self-pollination ( autogamy ) is possible. The spread of diasporas is done by water ( Hydrochorie ).
The vegetative propagation via rhizomes. The species can develop dense populations, so-called reedbeds at suitable locations. The species of the genus are adapted to moist to wet, temporarily or always flooded habitats. They colonize riverbanks, swamps and marshes. There, they are often associated with cattails, sedges and rushes species.
System
The exact placement of the genus was long disputed. Thus the genus incorporated by some authors bur reed into the family of cattail plants due to their morphological similarity, by other authors to maintain independent families ( Typhaceae and Sparganiaceae ) was preferred. After strictly phylogenetically oriented APG III but the hedgehog pistons are part of the cattail plants.
Types (selection)
The genus contains 21 species:
- Sparganium americanum Nutt.
- Sparganium amplexicaulium D.Yu
- Sparganium androcladum ( Engelm. ) Morong
- Narrow-leaved bur-reed ( Sparganium angustifolium Michx. ), Arrives in Europe, Asia and North America before
- Sparganium arcuscaulis D.Yu & G.T.Yang
- Sparganium choui D.Yu, Bull Bot Res
- Simple bur-reed ( Sparganium emersum Rehmann ), arrives in Europe, Asia and North America before
- Branched bur-reed ( Sparganium erectum L.), arrives in Europe Asia and North Africa before
- Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm.
- Sparganium fallax Graebn.
- Sparganium glomeratum ( Laest. ex Beurl. ) Neuman
- Sparganium gramineum Georgi
- Sparganium hyperboreum Laest. ex Beurl.
- Sparganium japonicum Rothert
- Sparganium kawakamii Hara
- Sparganium manshuricum D.Yu
- Sparganium multiporcatum D.Yu
- Pygmy hedgehog piston ( Sparganium natans L.), arrives in Europe, Asia and North America before
- Sparganium rothertii Tzvelev
- Sparganium subglobosum Morong
- Sparganium tenuicaule D.Yu & L.H.Liu
Use
Bur reed are used as decorative ornamental particularly for garden ponds in the garden and landscaping.
Swell
- Kun Sun & David A. Simpson: Typhaceae: Sparganium, pp. 158-160 - text the same as printed work online, In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 20 August, 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3. (Section Description, distribution and systematics)
- Robert B. Kaul: The Sparganiaceae family with the single genus Sparganium in the Flora of North America, Volume 22 (English )
- The Sparganiaceae family with the single genus Sparganium at DELTA. (English )
- Walter Erhardt et al: The big walleye. Encyclopedia of plant names. Volume 2 Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, 2008. ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7
Supplementary literature
- R. Kiffmann: Sedges, Rushes and other grassy plants, self- Verlag Rudolf Kiffmann, CH 6994 Aranno / Ti ( Switzerland ), 1991.