Sports betting

A sports bet is a bet that is placed in the money for the arrival of a sports result. Sports betting are offered either with fixed odds from a bookmaker or completed at variable rates on the totalizator or the type of Calcutta auction. Additionally, there are so-called betting exchanges, where users can bet against each other over the Internet.

International offer many betting companies in a large number of sports betting and thus achieve a worldwide annual turnover of over 500 billion U.S. dollars. In the traditional form of placing the bet, the customer enters a betting premises, where he fills out a betting slip and deposited the stake in cash. Today, however, the bet via the Internet is by far the more popular variant. This is especially in countries without liberalized gambling market like Germany so far a legal gray area, since it is possible for the customer to make a bet with an online bookmaker who has no approved license for the respective home country of the customer. Many internet betting companies have their headquarters in the so-called tax havens such as Malta or Gibraltar, as they only have comparatively low pay there taxes.

Sports bets are no longer fought only in this classic sports such as horse racing or boxing for several years. Today the Football Sport bet on games dominated the top European leagues, the European cup competitions and Internationals. Even dogs are racing - especially in Britain - very popular; in the U.S. will also like to bet on baseball games and American football. In the Arab world, for example in Abu Dhabi, camel bets are very popular.

There are in addition to the normal Outright often several betting options possible for a single sporting event: For example, etc. wagered on at half time, the exact result or the total of the points / goals scored. Has a bet no match output, it is usually canceled, and the player 's bet is returned. Reasons for this may be, for example, a match being abandoned or a player's illness or injury-related absence. Each bookmaker is, however, authorized to anchor the action in this case in its terms and conditions.

In football betting scandal, 2005, inter alia, of former DFB referee Robert Hoyzer games from the Bundesliga 1, Bundesliga 2 and the Regional and the DFB Cup manipulated to generate high profits with unusual results.

• 3.1 single bet
• 3.2 multiple bet
• 3.3 System bet

• 5.1 Betting Broker

• 6.1 provider
• 6.2 taxation
• 6.3 Effect of the betting tax on the odds of Internet gambling

Basics

In conventional sports betting customers a fixed rate for each outcome of a sporting event is available, from this can then calculate the possible win amount. On each of the possible outcomes of a bet can be placed.

Example

A typical betting event might look like on a bookmaker betting slip as follows:

FC Bayern München - Borussia Dortmund 1 1:50 0 3:50 2 2:50 The output " 1" here represents a victory for the home team (Bayern Munich). The "0" (often called "X") stands for a draw. The "2" represents a victory for the away team (Borussia Dortmund). In football betting and many other sports, the home team is by default called in the first place. In the U.S. space the order is reversed, there the away team is listed first. For events that have no clear home subscriber, such as playing tennis, the order of listing is for the bookmakers.

The client now closes a bet on a victory by Bayern Munich at a ratio of 1:50 and with a bet of 10 euros from, he will receive in case of winning his bet multiplied back with the profit rate. In this case, the repayment amount of 15 euros (10 * 1.50) fraud. More meaningful is to calculate the net profit. The net profit is calculated as follows: ( use * ( ratio - 1)). In the example above, this corresponds to (10 * 0.5 ) = 5 Euros.

At a rate of 2.0, the possible net income corresponds exactly to the amount of business use. A customer would thus double his bet in case of winning.

Odds

From the ratios, the potential gain that can be achieved when the event arrives calculated. In Europe, the odds are usually represented as a factor multiplied by the use of the possible winnings results. There are, however, dependent on the location numerous other presentation formats. So quotas in United Kingdom (UK ) are represented as fractions, in the U.S. as a positive ( potential payout at $ 100 used ) or negative ( more necessary use for $ 100 profit) sums in Hong Kong is used also factors which, however, the potential net income and not view the winning amount. The various quota sizes are compared to Comparing following table:

From the quotas for each possible outcome of a sporting event, the payout ratio of a bookmaker can be calculated. A payout ratio of 80 % means, for example: If you put on any outcome of an event so much money that the winning amount is the same high, the gain is 0.8 times the amount invested. The ideal for the customer bookmaker would therefore have a payout ratio of 100 %, but such a high payout for betting providers would no longer economical. Betting exchanges and so-called Asian bookmakers often reach payout ratios of 95 % and more.

Specials

It can be concluded for an event often many more bets than the classic Outright ( win, draw, defeat ). This varies from bookmaker to bookmaker. Examples include "Anyone who lead at halftime? ", " Falling 0-2 goals or more? ", "What is the correct final score? " And so on. A long-term bet is a bet that is not decided within a day: betting on the league title, Champions League victory, scorer, Wimbledon champion, etc. The sport weather can often choose from a range of special bets for one and the same event.

Bet Types

Single bet

The classic single bet (see example above ) consists of a wager on the outcome of a single event. A few bookmakers such as the state betting provider ODDSET allow for certain events, no single bets, multiple bets only with a specified minimum number of games (usually three) are possible.

Combination bet

Also referred to as " Combination Bet". Here, several bets will be taken to various events in a betting slip. The odds of all events are multiplied together to produce the overall rate of the multiple bet. The application is valid for the entire bet. example:

Wolfsburg - Nürnberg 1 1.60 Freiburg - Bayern 2 1.90 Bielefeld - Kaiserslautern X 3:30 These three bets will be added to the combination bet. The total rate is calculated by multiplying the individual odds with each other: (1.6 * 1.9 * 3.3 ) = 10 For a bet of 10 euros cheating the possible gain (10 * 10) = 100 euros. The bet is only won when every single event of the multiple bet was typed correctly. This high percentage is often tempting, but the chance of winning with an increasing number of tips is correspondingly lower. Combination bets are thus not generally more lucrative than single bets. The number of allowed combinations is different from bookmaker to bookmaker, often up to 10 or more games will be combined.

System bet

As a system bet is summarized a number is called ähnelnder combination bets. A system bet can be won even then, if one or more are incorrect, but then decreases the winnings. System bets will be described in the form of X from Y, for example, 3 out of 5 or 4 out of 7 ( 6 out of 49 similar to the lottery ). The first number here is the number of tips that must be at least correct for a profit. The second number denotes the total number of typed games. From these games so many different combination bets as possible now be formed, each combination bet consists of the number of bets that must be at least correct. Are formed in a system bet 3 out of 5 from 5 games, all sorts of different combinations of three. Each of these resulting combination bets is called " betting series". The insert is calculated per betting series. Substituting a 10 Betting Lines per 2 EUR, the total bet amount is 20 euros. example:

Wolfsburg - Nürnberg 1 1.60 Freiburg - Bayern 2 1.90 Bielefeld - Kaiserslautern X 3:30 Manchester - Chelsea 2 3:50 Real Madrid - Barcelona 1 2:00 This bet could now be played as a round robin is 3 out of 5. There all sorts of different combinations of three of these five games are then formed, in this example, a total of 10 combinations. So could one of these combinations look like this:

Wolfsburg - Nürnberg 1 1.60 Bielefeld - Kaiserslautern X 3:30 Real Madrid - Barcelona 1 2:00 If only 2 or less of the 5 tips properly, the entire bet is lost. Are 3 Tips correctly, is one of the 10 betting lines correctly. In the above example the profit (2 * 1.6 * 3.3 * 2.0 ) = 21,12 Euro cheating. A total of 20 euros for the use of 10 Betting Lines would produce a net profit of 1.12 euros. With 4 or 5 right tips also increases the number of correct tip series, at 5 right tips every 10 rows would be correct. Betting system are quite comparable to Lotto: The winning amount increases with the number of correct tips to, in a small number correct advice you get usually only slightly more than the stake back.

Live Betting

Live betting are an extension of the traditional betting services, its possible release with the start of the event ends (plus a possible acceptance waiting period ). This can still be wagered during the running game in many different events. The stimulus for the bettors is the rapid sequence of betting options and the supposedly better assessment of the coming event according to the viewed sequence. Live betting will be available both on the Internet and in local competition, but not every provider such bets on offer, and often live betting compared to traditional betting offer limited to selected sporting events.

The reason is that for each Live Event odds during the current season, adjusted, or the bet has to be exposed, for example, when a goal is scored or a red card was given. For this purpose the betting provider must hire employees who are following the sports event live. The quota adjustments done partly automatically, for example, due to the game object, the incoming inserts or continuous play time.

Some bookmakers store these tasks to external service providers. These companies have specialized in the live transmission of detailed information on current sporting events and conduct the game, the elapsed time and important game events to their customers, in this case, the bookmakers, on. In order to be able to offer betting on events that are not televised live, or to minimize the arising during the television transmission time delay, and employees directly to the venue can ( for example, a football stadium ) will be sent. These employees are called " Spotter " means. The spotter is pursuing the game and gives the information in a portable computer, which are then passed through a wireless network connection in the control panel and from there to the bookmaker. This activity is compared to the tracking of a television transmission much more complex and involves high costs ( travel expenses, tickets, technical equipment).

The time delay can be adjusted by using the betting odds on the course of a sporting event can be exploited to betting fraud, especially if no spotter is used by be concluded from the venue of bets ( Courtsiding ).

Sports betting as a professional source of income

Although sports betting is often seen in the public eye as gambling, they contain, similar to poker, in addition to the random also a skill component. The difference to the classic games of chance like roulette or slot machines is that the probability of a sporting event can not be exact, but only approximately determined due to its complexity. Therefore it can happen that the actual probability of winning a bet is higher than the implied by the odds winning percentage, it has in this case a positive expected value. If a player is able to complete only such bets, such as information projection or mathematical calculations, he can make a profit in the long term. There are players who have perfected the extent these methods is that they can earn their livelihood only by sports betting. We call such persons as professional players. The convicted under the football betting scandals in 2005 and 2009, professional sports bettors and betting fraudster Ante Šapina told the court that betting is like math for him.

In the U.S. language where bets of any kind have a long tradition of such players as sharp player or wise guy (English cleverness Meier, alls ) are referred to. Already in the early 19th century there were those professional players who earned their living from betting.

Betting Broker

In professional fields, there are regular brokerage services (betting intermediary), where the customer does not complete its own bets, but the seller issued a corresponding order, so this completes the bet for him. Such services can be used to facilitate placing high bets on the market for several bookmakers of time, if no single bookseller accepts the desired operating height by means of networks. In addition, they offer the customer a certain anonymity because he is not himself, but the broker closes the betting. Because these institutions active depending on the amount invested sometimes very high stakes, they make their bets mostly on the Asian betting market on where the revenues and thus the possible wagers are many times higher than in other regions. It is believed that the placed bets have been in Asia, at least partially placed in the previous so-called football betting scandals that often reached six -figure sums on such services.

Activities in Germany

Provider

In Germany some sports betting from bookmakers state ODDSET are offered daily. This offers sports betting in ODDSET acceptance points in Germany or in special betting offices.

In addition, there are private providers and a number of smaller betting broker, mediate on behalf of sports betting. The private sports betting companies complain about their legitimacy in part by licensing the last GDR government, which would become valid because of the Unification Treaty in Germany, partly due to European law legal validity of a license in another member country of the EU. By gambling Treaty Amendment, which has been in force since 1 July 2012 opening of the market for a limited number of private Sportwettenabietern is provided.

The betting provider ODDSET other hand, is of the opinion that he is currently the sole provider of legal sports betting in Germany. The offering sports betting in Germany approval, but due to the current " State Treaty on Lotteries in Germany " not approvable - the Host without a license and participation in such sports betting in Germany is punishable as Unauthorised a gambling activity pursuant to § 284, § 285 of the Criminal Code. New permits are however no longer issued by the Federal countries for years - and were never issued in the former West Germany for private companies - which ODDSET virtually has a monopoly, which is contested by the private providers of sports betting in question. This is in particular reference is made to the primacy of European law against German law.

On 28 March 2006 the Federal Constitutional Court has ruled that a state monopoly on sports betting with the fundamental right of freedom of occupation of Article 12 paragraph 1 GG is not compatible, if it is not consistently aligned with the objective of combating the dangers of addiction. It has abandoned the legislature to regulate the organization and arrangement of sports betting in compliance with the constitutional requirements until 31 December 2007 new. It could a constitutional state can be achieved both by a consistent design of the betting monopoly, which ensures that it really serves to combat addiction. Than by a legally standardized and controlled pivotal commercial event by private betting companies In addition, the Federal Constitutional Court has ruled that the industrial organizing of bets by private betting companies and the placement of bets that are not organized by the Free State of Bavaria (where the procedure was pending ), viewed still as prohibited and may be prevented regulatory law. This means that private sports betting may be forcibly closed by the competent authorities. Whether in the transition period to a new legal regulation can be punished under § 284 of the Penal Code is given, subject to the judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court of the decision of the criminal court.

In particular, the Community aspect of the Federal Constitutional Court has confirmed in its judgment, moreover, that the requirements of German constitutional law run parallel to the requirements of Community law made ​​by the European Court of Justice. After its case law, the elimination of switching to other Member States with Community law is only compatible if a state monopoly really serves the purpose of reducing opportunities for gambling, and financing of social activities through a levy on the proceeds of authorized games only a useful side effect, but not the real justification for the restrictive policy adopted ( see ECJ, judgment of 6 November 2003 -. Gambelli and others, ECR 2003, I- 13076, paragraph 62). The requirements of Community law thus correspond to those of the Basic Law.

The practice since the judgment of the Constitutional Court, however, has shown that the legal situation has since been far from clear. Firstly, it is now very closely on the part of private providers of sports betting as well satisfied ODDSET the obligations referred to in the judgment of 28 March 2006 ( ban on advertising, information about the dangers of addiction ). Secondly, the violation of European law is brought about by a purely national monopoly on sports betting for ODDSET into play, ie specifically a violation of the existing at European level under the EC Treaty freedom to provide services. However, the present in Germany until October 25, 2006 the supreme court and higher court decisions confirmed all the betting monopoly ( see, for example ). On 14 October 2008, the Federal Constitutional Court first referred to the new regulations of the State Treaty on Gambling ( GST ). The Court considers that the provisions of the GST and the principle of organizing and arranging public Internet gambling (§ 4 para 4 GST ) and this stopgap provision for the year 2008 ( § 25 para 6 GlüStV ) reasonable and thus constitutionally not objectionable. The criminal assessment of the facts is independent of it can be seen ( see, for example ).

The European Court has declared, with its judgments on 8 September 2010, the actual implementation of the monopoly incompatible with European law.

The Higher Administrative Court of North Rhine -Westphalia as stated in a decision of 23 November 2010: " For in those rulings, the Court has explained the provisions of the State Treaty on Gambling not to European law ." In the technical literature is also noted: " The ECJ has (...) merely held that a state monopoly on sports betting and lotteries with European Union law is inconsistent if it is not actually in a consistent and systematic manner avoiding incitement to squander money on gambling and the gambling fights. " " For the future gambling law in Germany the decision of the ECJ, the unions - legal parallel to the related to the Basic Law versions of the Constitutional Court is in some way in its judgment of March 2006. it remains, therefore, that federal and state governments under their skills well from the perspective of European Union law still have leeway, that enclose both a monopoly solution and liberalization. "

Taxation

The German Bundestag has a stepped end of June 2012 1 July 2012 amendments in force of the racing and betting Act ( RWLG ) decided that new rules for the taxation of sports betting. Thus encompasses all providers of sports betting (also for state ODDSET bet and foreign suppliers ) a uniform tax rate of 5 percent of the bet (§ 17 RWLG ). Taxation is also in sports betting, which take place over the Internet. In horse racing also 5 percent are charged ( § 10 para 1 RWLG ). All revenue will be distributed according to § 24 RWLG after a specified key on the states and incorporated into the state budgets. Until 31 May 2013, 164 million euro sports betting tax have been taken nationwide.

Impact the betting tax on the rates of Internet gambling

Although according to § 17 para 2 RWG a betting tax in the amount of 5 percent of the bet is determined by law, manage the foreign betting companies that their customers from Germany in different ways.

Some bookmakers raise still no taxes and no sure guide to the Federal Republic of Germany or to the provinces on. They argue that they sit in Gibraltar and Malta, and can not know whether a client is staying at the bet over the Internet in Germany.

Another group of betting companies take the amount of money used in a sports bet on as use plus betting tax. That is, if a customer an amount of 100 € in one bet with odds of 2.0 ( ratio as a factor - see section on quotas ) are used, these 100 euros than 105 percent from the wagering already apply. The real stake are therefore only 100 Euro: 1.05 EUR = 95.24. If the bet won, an amount of 2.0 * 95.24 = € 190.48 € is it only paid out. In the end, the following applies:

Actual ratio = ratio indicated: 1.05 Still other bookmakers make the amount entered by the customer are considered to be bet, but pull in case of winning 5 percent of the amount paid from, or in other words to pay only 95 percent. So if a customer uses 100 euros in a bet with odds of 2.0 and these wins, he is rewarded with only 2.0 * 100 EUR * 0.95 = 190 euro. In this case:

Actual ratio = ratio indicated * 0.95. see also

• Gambling monopoly