Stall (enclosure)

With stable (also stabling, . Orig location, location ) is called a serving for the separate accommodation of pets building.

• 2.6.1 broiler

• 3.1 Heritage 3.1.1 Examples of stables conservation

Types of houses

Stables often form building on a farmstead or are close to them. Such houses are called Hofstall, even if they are relatively large. The crucial feature of a Hofstalls is that the farmer can achieve his animals relatively quickly from his apartment. In Wohnstallhaus houses that were prevalent before the Industrial Revolution, the stall function is performed by a built- in the residence part of the building.

In the vicinity of a large pastures ( often far away from a farmstead ) located stables for animals in free-range are referred to as outdoor stall.

In the industrialized agriculture of the 21st century comes to the aforementioned stable types of large stable without buildings with residential function in the immediate vicinity on the outskirts of communities as a third type of barn added. In such stables held animals the opportunity is usually given to take outdoors food.

Stables in the 21st century

Even today there are farm animals both grazing as well as a stable attitude. In most animal species predominates in Germany and in other developed countries, the livestock housing: from 12.5 million cattle in Germany, 4.8 million received at least temporarily, the opportunity to graze. Of the pigs in Germany less than 1 percent are held in the open. In contrast, let 93 percent of the 22,800 sheep farms in Germany graze their animals; which corresponds to 84 percent of all sheep. Even for animals that are kept (mostly or seasonal) outdoors, there are stables, mostly in the form of outdoor stalls. One reason for the stabling of animals, which theoretically could stay outdoors all year round, is their safety. In winter, the water points are often frozen, there is slipping and injury. The stabling provides security, control and supply. In addition, the collection of animal manure is facilitated by concentration of the animals.

For each species and type of today, there are certain types that are oriented at different according to the species currently held requirements in terms of feeding, management, temperature regulation and breathing air supply. In particular, the construction of large stables must be adapted to numerous specifications.

General Structure

Stable buildings are now mostly halls with a stable lane and one or more stalls or boxes ( pen ) for each one or more animals with adequate feeding space width. The food intake of the animals takes place today, either throughout the year or at least during the cold season in the barn.

Only in older Hofställen located above the stable often a hay or straw; with newer housing systems, the feed is kept in separate spaces or containers usually.

Cattle

In the stabling of cattle is to distinguish between the individual housing and group housing. When individual housing the cattle are fixed. This can be done by connecting on a long stand, Medium stand or short position, the short- state is increasingly preferred because there fall the precipitates behind the bed surface and can be disposed of more easily. Alternatively, there is the very rare locking fixation, there is in the lock boxes stand, swivel stand ( "System Ryholm " ) and mobile boxing stand ( " Unicar system ").

Young animals (calves ) for the first 2 weeks of life in calf hutches are usually kept (even igloo, outside hut). From the 8th week is group housing obligation.

In the Group or even herding in the playpen there are various models that differ in terms of space and bedding. Häufigtste variant in the dairy farmers is the cubicle housing or Freßliegeboxenlaufstall, in which the high-yielding cows can undisturbed ruminate on separate by ironing sections of slabs their food without kicking when standing up or lying down on the oversized udders. In the Jungtieraufzuscht or even the extensive suckler there is often a sloped floor. In this the soil is applied with a slope at the upper end of fresh litter is added regularly, while the animals the manure continuously occur while running towards the lower end, where it is cleared. Even with low playpens litter is used; Here fresh litter is applied to the crap that came along, which is then in turn met. When the additions of bedding is practiced in the correct ratio to the resulting precipitates this an insulating mattress is created on the ground, the increase tions Stalldecke increases. This system is most likely still used in the rearing of young animals and bull fattening. An increasingly frequently used alternative is the playpen with attached or teilbefestigtem floor: completely concreted (plan attached ), slatted floor or a mixed form without litter. The playpen is standard in new buildings because it has advantages in terms of animal health and economy.

The supply of water is done via potions; the food supply through troughs or feeding tables.

Full-grown cattle produce summer and winter, a large amount of heat. The beef preferred temperatures of -5 ° C to 8 ° C. A distinction is made between cold and warm stable:

In a cold barn ( outside air stable), there is a temperature difference of 5 ° C to the outside air. It is perpendicular to the main wind direction and has plenty of open space on the sides, so that cross ventilation is present. In modern stables, a barn side is often open. Depending on the temperature, the supply air and cross ventilation with adjustable Curtains ( eng. = curtain) is regulated.

In a warm stable air exchange is usually accomplished by forced ventilation or passive first- eave ventilation. Passive ventilation systems use the lower specific weight of the air heated by the animals air rises upward and can escape through the ridge. From the standpoint of the cow comfort is currently more and more tends to establish an outdoor air stables.

Pigs

In the pig, there are different designs that are also matched to the respective entertainment section.

Pig

The pig is done in groups, which is why the pig barn is divided into compartments. The warm barn is ventilated and the supply of water via nipple drinkers. The food supply is again very varied, roughly can between liquid feeding, automatic feeding and dry feeding (all processes are highly automated ) and are differentiated in small stocks hand-feeding.

Are the functional areas of chairs and crap separated, ie, the interspersed variant Danish stabling; with loose straw stabling a slatted floor is partly used. Are the functional areas combined and interspersed, it is a deep litter stable and participate in straw loose variant of the entire floor is provided with columns.

Both straw and slatted floors have their advantages and disadvantages. Straw stabling is more expensive and labor-intensive for large stocks, but is species-appropriate. The economic advantage of slatted floors is used mainly in large herds to bear. But as, Dining and large quantities manure, this valuable fertilizer must be applied or re-used for means Güllefaß to the fields.

Piglet production

In piglet production, there is the deck and waiting stable where the sows inseminated or to be covered by the boar. The sow is kept individually in crates or in groups in loose housing. In the farrowing the sow is in a farrowing pen where the sow can farrow either free or equipped with a Abferkelkäfig and have a mostly heated with infrared lamps spot to meet their heating needs. At nipple drinkers, the sows can drink and the food is mechanically made ​​available or distributed by hand.

Horses

In Germany the stall barn predominates as farming. In a stall barn, the animals are in individual boxes and some have an outlet. The group housing can be made in collection boxes or playpens. This is also a distinction between hot and cold stall or single and multi- room stall. In a stable cold the exterior climate prevails, which is preferable from the perspective of disease prevention. Playpens are usually provided with a spout ( also Paddock ) and built as the open front stall. In a multi-room stall the functional areas of feeding, resting and running are separated. Tethering on stands is only in exceptional cases (Circus) or temporarily allowed in horses in Germany. Previously, the work horses were mainly held such as the stabling was in the stand space-and labor-saving in agriculture. Since the animals were regularly moved extensively, physical damage and vices were rare - in contrast to today's equestrian horse that is often moved only an hour a day.

For more information see also: horses and stables.

Poultry

In poultry, the stable form is also highly dependent on the type of production.

Broilers

For broilers include chicken (also: broiler ), turkeys and economically less important geese, ducks, pigeons, ostriches and quails. The stables for chickens and turkeys do not differ greatly. Either the animals are kept ( see also cross-ventilation ) in closed housing with forced ventilation or in barns with natural ventilation. The latter are called natural stable or barn Louisiana. The floor is not attached here and is interspersed with a 35 cm thick layer of chopped straw or softwood shavings. In the longitudinal direction of the supply facilities for food and water are provided, which are pulled up by the mast, so the barn can be cleaned. The closed stall is massively built, mostly with darkened windows and can be heated and cooled. When heating the whole room is either heated or only occasionally called, chicken rings. It open or closed gas radiator or Heizkanonen be used. Is cooled either with the so-called cooling pads, in which case water evaporates or with the so-called spray cooling is produced by high-pressure systems in the fine water vapor and evaporates. The lighting must be at least 20 lux in Germany, the emergency lighting 2 lux must be the incident surface for daylight least 3% of the floor space In new buildings. The use of blue - green light to the animals calm and reduce cannibalism.

Add the turkey feed perches, straw bales or increased levels can be placed as structural elements in the stable. From the point of view of animal welfare is the desirable ( species-typical resting behavior, employment material ), out of work business point of view, the solution must be well thought out. The animals should not be too difficult also because they can get on the perches ball ulcers and defects in the chest area otherwise.

Laying hens

In the farming distinction is made between cages, aviaries, floor management and free range. In the European Union a regulation specifies the requirements for the stables. In Germany this Regulation has not taken over 1:1, but exacerbated with the laying hens Regulation requirements.

Sheep and goats

The individual animal husbandry in sheep and goats in Hofställen occurs only rarely, while they are connected by chains. The advantages are low space requirement and good individual attention. The disadvantages ( lack of exercise, lack of environmental stimuli ) predominate but, so this form of entertainment is to be rejected for animal welfare point of view. Group management takes place in the stall barn with plenty of space and groups of up to five animals. Advantageously, the development of the Lambs, adversely is the increased workload. As problematic in loose housing is considered that among the goats can occur confrontations resulting in injury. The feed is in the trough ( for concentrates and succulent feed ) and a rack offered ( for hay). Water Bowl secure the water supply. Larger herds are held primarily in the playpen. The functional areas of feeding, resting and walking can be combined, then one speaks of Einraumlaufstall. In the two- room playpen of the feeding area is increased and not interspersed. The lying area may be wholly or partially equipped with grates, where no grates can be sprinkled on the wooden or concrete floor straw. The food supply is usually at the feed barrier, which can consist of different forms. The water supply is like in boxing stable or long troughs. With movable gates of the stable space can be divided and thus certain groups are kept separate (eg, lactating and non- lactating animals).

In addition to building and stock

In general, the feed is stored close to the barn, at best, in separate rooms so that when dusty material, the house air is not loaded and moisture can not spoil the food out of the stable. In older peasant houses the food and the litter is often stored in the attic above the animals. It is easier to carry and throw down from above at the required locations, on the other it also for heat insulation.

For large animal populations an office space makes sense, where all the work can be done directly. Another room should be provided for attachments.

Use of older barn

Due to the economic structural change, which in Europe has for over two hundred years to a steady decline in the agricultural labor force and the number of farms, a large part of existing stable building is no longer needed for the purpose of animal husbandry. This raises the general question of what to do with these buildings, ie whether it can be demolished and are or whether they are to remain ( and be put to a new use) should.

Conservation

Some older barns are also monuments and ( as such) sights that are protected from demolition. Examples are sheep pens in Lower Saxony, which are often found on the edge of larger heathland and moorland where usually be accommodated or were. The duty connected with the monument to maintain the stables is justified in the " Framework for the extension of the Lüneburg Heath ," that " [h ] ISTORICAL grown town centers, heath churches and farmhouses, sheep pens and boulder walls [ ... ] of the past [ witness ] and [ ... ] the image of many communities [ shape ]. "

In the whole of Germany old stables are placed under monument protection, regardless of how they are used today. Many are in Farm museums after they were demolished and true to the original.

Examples of stables conservation

• Sheepfold ( Meeder )
• Wildenburg_ ( Bürvenich ) (part of the whole complex )
• Forsthaus_Willroda (part of the whole complex )
• Ostravorwerk
• Chapuis villa (part of the whole complex )

Future scenarios

For the future of stables in the Alps " The Abandoned Barn " ( Dornbirn, Samedan and Meran 2011-2012) were used for the exhibition developed four scenarios: