State of affairs (sociology)

State of affairs is an interdisciplinary term by which the total of all statements is understood to a defined subject.

General

Contrary to the meaning in everyday language situations are not the same as facts. A state of affairs is merely the object of a statement in the philosophy of science. A state of affairs is as long as fictitious, until he was subjected to and verified to be reviewed. Then he transformed into a true statement, fact. Was he on the other hand for incorrectly classified ( " falsifies " ), it is a " negative fact ", which is not a fact.

Here the similarities end. Because issues are subject of research especially in propositional logic, philosophy of science and law. As these disciplines each have different objects of knowledge, the definitions of the facts - term need was necessarily different. The term "work" has finally in physics a different meaning than in economics. Physical work is simplified defined force x distance ( climbing stairs is in this sense work, while descending stairs obtained from nature the work). Work is in economics, however, a factor of production, which includes all human activities scheduled for earning income.

For the dictionary of affairs is " the totality of all that are important in a particular context, circumstances or facts ", and therefore are for the dictionary the facts a part of the facts. However, philosophy, scientific theory and law have in common is that they interpret facts and fact as two inseparable notions. Facts are true facts. If a situation is, call him Ludwig Wittgenstein a (simple ) fact. For the philosopher Edmund Husserl situation is " the relation of things." For Bertrand Russell, the facts may be a fact, a fact never an issue; an item may exist or not exist, a fact is an existing state of affairs. Facts is the German translation of the Latin "status rerum ". However, it does not denote the things themselves, but the same position to each other, about what connects or disconnects.

Propositional logic

Propositional logic has more to do with facts than with facts. It is a theory about the existence of atomic facts. If statements are linked, there is the statement of a fact. A statement is an atomic linguistic entity that intends a fact which adds to the property, right or to be wrong. Thus, a statement is only true if it matches the intended state of affairs. The existence or non-existence of a fact depends on the existence or non-existence of a fact. In philosophy, a state of affairs is the subject of a statement that describes how something is like. A condition formulated a situation which is a prerequisite for a different situation in a certain way. Without the concept of the facts can not operate propositional logic.

The limits of useful facts showed formulated Ludwig Wittgenstein 1922 on the Tractatus Logico - Philosophicus. They are located where uncertainty exists as to the conditions under which one will classify a matter as fact. The range of issues is therefore not determined by the laws of nature. The fact that the Cologne Cathedral 37 km is high, formulated a fact ( even if it should be impossible according to the laws of nature, to build a structure of this height). The formulation can be classified as useful, as we have an idea of ​​what would be the case if they were true ( then have the towers in the stratosphere rich ...); we can according to the existing agreements about what " is ... 37 km high," with phrases like is listed, decide upon a measurement of tower heights, if this is the case or not. According to Wittgenstein, this approximation to reality ( correspondence theory ) is necessary to determine a fact. After the measurement, the state of affairs is now clear as a fact, namely that the cathedral is 157.38 m high.

Wittgenstein's analysis of language use allowed some logical findings: The set of facts is greater than that of the facts, it does not bind to the laws of nature and not on previous observations. But probably implies a situation a theoretical verifiability of the statement made ​​to him. At the same moment, the boundaries meaningful statements of facts could define: statements that it is unclear what should be the case if they are true, are formulated incomprehensible and thus meaningless. Statements about causality and ethical principles have neither the imaging character. As reality imaging statements are strictly meaningless.

Jurisprudence

Facts in the law is the purposive sense of connection rechtserheblichem human behavior, of legal relationships, law or facts facts and figures of the cultural and social reality in terms of legally regulating human behavior. While the facts are the most general and abstract, the situation is individual - specific.

Among the most important maxims of jurisprudence include the clarification of the facts. Courts have an obligation to exploit the submitted to them for decision to investigate all facts and ambiguities, doubts and contradictions of its own motion. After the clarification of the facts, the court in a free evaluation of evidence pursuant to § 286 para 1 CCP to decide whether an actual claim is to consider it true or not true. The facts were established by way of evidence by the court and then subjected under the subsumption of a rule. Means for gathering the facts are timing charts (data in the time sequence ) and sketches of flow events, or the interplay of people / companies.

The parties tend to the facts ( Geschehnisablauf ) - possibly aided by perception defects - to present favorable for itself, so that the same event is presented to the court differently nuanced. Lawyers, tax advisers or notaries responsible, according to settled case law of the Supreme Court a duty to fully clarify the facts. The notary must investigate under § 17 BeurkG the will of the parties and to clarify the facts. Article 103 § 1 of the Basic Law requires the court to accept the parties' submission to the attention and draw in his decision into consideration. Established by the Court matters have always proved; what can not be proved in court proceedings, is not included in the facts and shall be deemed not happen. The documented in the minutes of facts forms according to the law - regardless of the real events - in the main proceedings, the basis of the method, especially for the audit process. The judicial conviction Education strives for absolute truth, which could be never reached because of the apparent imperfection of human knowledge. The facts underlying a judgment is a procedural internal construct, because a process produces its own truth itself

Others

When drafting a situation, such as based on record of witness statements or police reports that no material facts may be omitted or added. The error of law students to make a factual statements that do not result from facts communicated, but from my own interpretation, means, among auditors " Sachverhaltsquetsche ". The medium to facts meant as a concrete life situation, ie linguistically converted playing a - albeit small - Clipping from the social reality of life.

The fundamental question on a matter is referred to as cardinal question. Based on their developed an experienced lawyer as soon as possible: Who wants what from whom what from?