Suaeda

Beach - Sode ( Suaeda maritima )

The sod or salt Log ( Suaeda ) are a genus of the subfamily Suaedoideae in the family of Amaranthaceae ( Amaranthaceae ). The German trivial name Soden refers to the former use for the production of soda.

• 5.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

The sod species are annual or perennial, herbaceous plants, subshrubs or shrubs. The blue- green or green parts of plants may be bald or hairy. The stems grow prostrate, ascending or erect, they are simple or branched and not fleshy.

The mostly alternate, seated or very short -stalked leaves are fleshy ( succulent ). Your ganzrandige leaf blade is linear, lanceolate or elliptical in shape, with a blunt, rounded or zuspitzter tip. In cross section, the leaves are flat, semi- terete or terete.

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers sit in aged men, more rarely entangled in racemose inflorescences to one to twelve in the axils of leaf -like bracts. There are two or three (rarely up to seven ) very small, trockenhäutige bracteoles ovate to lanceolate shape available.

The flowers are hermaphrodite or unisexual. The perianth consists of five mostly fleshy, more or less interconnected tepals which outlast the anthesis. There are (rarely two to ) five stamens protrude their anthers mostly from the flower. The ovary bears two or three (rarely five) scars.

Fruit and seeds

The fruit is enclosed by the curved inward, often hood shaped contracted bloom cladding. On the outside of the tepals can thicken or wear wings or horn-like outgrowths. The fruit contains a horizontal or vertical seeds from spherical to oblate shape. The various types differ with respect to color and surface structure of the seed coat. The embryo is coiled spirally, endosperm is none or very little available.

Chromosome numbers

The basic chromosome number is x = 9

Photosynthetic

The Suaeda species of the sections Salsina and Schoberia are C4 plants with typical Kranz anatomy. The species of section Borszczowia the C4 synthesis find ways without Kranz anatomy, ie without spatial distribution in a single cell type instead ("single cell C4" ). All other sections are C3 plants.

Occurrence

The genus Suaeda are distributed worldwide. The Suaeda species inhabit wetlands with saline or alkaline soils, especially on the beaches of the coast. At appropriate sites, they also occur in the interior and grow example of salt sources in salty flood plains, steppe desert and river and lake shores in dry climates.

The occurring in Central Europe Soden- after species include Kapralov et al. (2006 ) to the subgenus Brezia. In Germany only the beach - Sode ( Suaeda maritima ) is native. In Austria, the small purslane ( Suaeda prostrata ) and the United purslane come ( Suaeda pannonica ) before ..

System

The first publication of the genus Suaeda took place in 1776 by ​​Peter Forsskål in Onomatologia botanica completa, or Full botanical dictionary, Frankfurt 8, p 797 The scientific genus name comes from Arabic Suaeda " suaed " (black), the Arabic name for Suaeda vera. Type species is Suaeda vera Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel ..

Synonyms for Suaeda Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel. (nom. cons. ) are Brezia Moq. , Calvelia Moq. , Chenopodina Moq. , Dondia Adans. , Helicilla Moq. , Lerchia tin, Schanginia CAMey. and Schoberia CAMey .. Also the genera Alexandra Bunge and Bunge Borszczowia be asked to Suaeda according to new research.

Suaeda considered by botanists as a "difficult " genus, because there are hardly stable features for classification. Many species are extremely variable, which is unclear what proportion of it is due to environmental conditions or to genetic differences. In particular, the widespread species Suaeda maritima, Suaeda nigra Sueada calceoliformis and are very polymorphic. To determine flowers are needed ( for the shape of the ovary ) and ripe fruit. In herbarium material the fleshy parts of plants lose by drying some of their characteristic properties.

The Suaeda belongs to the tribe Suaedeae in the subfamily Suaedoideae within the family of Amaranthaceae ( Amaranthaceae ). Previously it was put to the Gänsefußgewächsen ( Chenopodiaceae ), this family has now been incorporated into the Amaranthaceae family.

According to phylogenetic studies of Sagittarius et al. (2003) and Kapralov et al. (2006, see section literature) the genus Suaeda is further divided into two sub-genera with several sections and includes about 82 species, for example:

• Subgenus Brezia ( Moq. ) Friday & Sagittarius: Section Brezia ( Moq. ) people: Suaeda australis ( R.Br. ) Moq:. It occurs in East and Southeast Asia and Australia and is growing at the edge of mangrove forests, on sandy beaches and seashores.
• Suaeda calceoliformis ( Hook. ) Moq. It is distributed from Alaska and Canada to Mexico and grows on moist saline soils, even in disturbed sites and roadsides.
• Suaeda corniculata ( CAMey. ) Bunge: It comes from South and South-East Europe via Central Asia to East Asia (China ) before and grows in salt deserts, at sea and river shores.
• Suaeda crassifolia Pall. It comes from South Eastern Europe ( Lower Volga region ) over Southwest Asia (Caucasus, northern Iran) and Central Asia to China in the southern part of China's Xinjiang province before. It settles salt deserts, river and lakefront.
• Suaeda heterophylla Bunge ex Boiss. It comes from South Eastern Europe ( Lower Volga region ) over Southwest Asia ( the Caucasus, Iran) and Central Asia to East Asia (China) ago. It grows strong salin - alkaline soils in steppe desert to river and lake shores and in fields.
• Suaeda kossinskyi Ilyin: It comes from South Eastern Europe ( Lower Volga region ) across Central Asia to the Chinese province of Xinjiang before and grows strong salin - alkaline soils.
• Beach - Sode ( Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort. ): It is on the coasts of Europe, the temperate regions of Asia, found in northern Africa and in North America and colonized salt meadows inland.
• Suaeda occidentalis ( S.Watson ) S.Watson: It is distributed in North America and settled moist saline soils.
• Great purslane ( Suaeda pannonica Beck), a Pontic- Pannonian type that has its western border in Burgenland ( Seewinkel ).
• Suaeda patagonica Speg.
• Small purslane ( Suaeda prostrata Pall. ): It is a Pannonian - Pontian - südsibirische species native to saline- rich sites of Austria (Burgenland) on South and Southeast Europe, Southwest and Central Asia to East Asia (China).
• Suaeda spicata Moq.
• Suaeda tschujensis Lomon. & Friday

• Section Alexandra ( Bunge) Kapralow et al.: The only kind: Suaeda lehmannii ( Bunge) Kapralov, Akhani & EHRoalson ( Syn: Alexandra lehmannii Bunge): It is native to the Aral region of Central Asia.

• Suaeda aralocaspica Friday & shooter

• Suaeda ifniensis Caball. ex Maire
• Suaeda Physophora Pall. It comes from South Eastern Europe (Caucasus ) prior to the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Xinjiang and grows in steppe deserts, salty dry slopes and in flood plains.

• Suaeda aegyptiaca ( Hasselq. ) Zohary: It is spread from Libya on the Arabian Peninsula to Iran.
• Suaeda altissima (L.) Pall. It comes from southern Europe ( Spain, Balkans) on Southwest and Central Asia to the south-western Siberia and northern Xinjiang in China and colonized wasteland, bank or steppe deserts.
• Suaeda arcuata Bunge: It comes from Iran to Central Asia to the Chinese province of Xinjiang along wadis before.
• Suaeda articulata Aellen
• Suaeda Asphaltica Boiss.
• Suaeda dendroides ( CAMey. ) Moq:. It comes in Southwest and Central Asia from the Caucasus to the Chinese province of Xinjiang in steppe deserts and rocky slopes before.
• Suaeda divaricata Moq.
• Suaeda foliosa Moq.
• Suaeda fruticosa Forssk. ex JFGmel. It is spread from Egypt to the Arabian Peninsula to India and in the north to Afghanistan.
• Suaeda microphylla Pall. It comes in Southwest and Central Asia from the Caucasus to the Chinese province of Xinjiang before and grows in salty deserts, dunes or on lakeshores.
• Suaeda monoica Forssk. ex JFGmel. It is spread from Egypt to the Arabian Peninsula to Pakistan.
• Suaeda moquinii ( Torr. ) Greene
• Suaeda taxifolia ( Standl. ) Standlschmaus. Coming into California and Mexico on coasts or in salt meshes in front.
• Suaeda vermiculata Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel.

• Suaeda linifolia Pall. It comes from South Eastern Europe to the Chinese province of Xinjiang ago, and populated steppe deserts, salt deserts, dry grasslands and riparian. As an introduced species, it also grows in North America.
• Suaeda paradoxa ( Bunge) Bunge: It comes from Central Asia prior to the Chinese provinces of Qinghai and Xinjiang. Where it grows on moist saline soils in canyons, badlands, on banks and roadsides.

• Suaeda acuminata (CA Mey. ) Moq:. It comes from South Eastern Europe on Southwest and Central Asia to Mongolia and the Chinese province of Xinjiang before and colonized salt deserts, dunes and hillsides.
• Suaeda carnosissima Post
• Suaeda cucullata Aellen
• Suaeda eltonica Ilyin
• Suaeda microsperma Bunge: It is distributed in Central Asia, Iran and Afghanistan.
• Suaeda splendens sizes. & Godr.

• Suaeda ekimii
• Suaeda vera Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel.

Use

From the ashes of Suaeda fruticosa and Suaeda maritima soda and potash was obtained, which was used for the manufacture of soap and glass.

Several Soden species are food plants, such as Suaeda australis, Suaeda fruticosa, Suaeda maritima and: its young leaves and shoots are eaten as a savory salad ingredient or as a vegetable. The seeds of some species can be eaten in times of need and provided a flour additive. From the seeds of Suaeda glauca oil is obtained.

Suaeda fruticosa Volksheilkundlich is used: Envelopes from the leaves were used to treat eye diseases. Prepared as an infusion, it was used as emetics ( emetic ).

For some types of Suaeda red and black dyes are obtained.