Sumac

Poison ivy ( Rhus radicans ), illustration

The genus belongs to the family Anacardiaceae Rhus ( Anacardiaceae ) and comprises about 150 to 250 species. This includes both the species of the former genus Toxicodendron, the poison ivy or poison oak or poison ivy sometimes called, on the other hand, many species which are called sumac, for example, the sumach and the Gerber sumac. The distribution of the temperate and subtropical zones, especially in South Africa and the African tropical mountains in East Asia and North America. Many species are commercially important in the production of tanning and colorant. All species are more or less toxic and can cause skin irritation.

  • 2.1 types
  • 3.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

Rhus species are woody plants: in the majority of deciduous or evergreen shrubs, rarely lianas or small trees. They have fleshy roots. Most species carry milk juice. The change-constant leaves are usually pinnate. The rachis is sometimes winged. The stalked or sitting leaflets have a serrated or smooth edge.

Generative features

A majority of the species is dioecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( dioecious ), the others are polygamous. Are formed terminally and laterally continuous, Rispige or thyrsoide inflorescences. The flowers are on durable or deciduous bracts. The relatively small, five petals are hermaphrodite or unisexual optional and have five petals and five stamens which arise under a brown discus. The unilocular ovary contains only one ovule. The three pens are often fused at their base.

There shall be rounded or somewhat flattened, red when ripe stone fruit, with very hard endocarp, resinous, red mesocarp and exocarp thin, the meso-and exocarp are fused. The seeds germinate epigeal and contain no endosperm ( ie no endosperm of the seeds ).

System

The genus name Rhus was first published by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, 1, 1753, pp. 265-267 with several species. As lectotype was Rhus L. coriaria by NL Britton & A. Brown in Ill. Fl. N.U.S., 2nd edition, 2, 1913, pp. 481 set. A synonym for Rhus L. Barony Baker, Duckera FABarkley, Malosma Nutt. ex Abrams, Melanococca Flower, Neostyphonia Shafer, Schmaltzia Desv. ex Small, Schmalzia Desv. ex DC. , Searsia FABarkley, Terminthia Bernh. , Toxicodendron Mill, Trujanoa La Llave ..

The genus name Rhus was already used by the Romans and is derived from the Greek rhous ῥους, which was probably borrowed by the Greeks from another, no longer comprehensible Mediterranean language. With rhus Romans referred to Gerbersumach ( Rhus coriaria ) is used in Western Asia, and also rhus Syriaca was called. He was known in ancient times as a spice and medicinal plant and as a source of tannins.

The genus Rhus belongs to the subfamily of Anacardioideae within the family Anacardiaceae. The taxonomy of the genus has changed over time repeatedly. Some authors even distinguish the genus Rhus next to the genera Toxicodendron Mill and Schmaltzia Desv. Whose species are otherwise attributed to the genus Rhus. Thus the number of species contained varies considerably and is specified with values ​​35-200.

According to Miller, the genus Rhus is divided into two subgenera and several sections:

  • Subgenus Rhus: With about 10 species. The area is disjoint: North America ( four species), East Asia ( three species), Hawaii ( sort of), and Europe ( sort of).
  • Section Styphonia
  • Section Sumac DC.

After Rehder only two sections can be distinguished:

  • Section Sumac DC., With flowers in terminal panicles, hairy, red fruits and pinnate leaves
  • Section Toxicodendron Gray, with axillary inflorescences and white to brown, bare fruit

Species

About 100 of the approximately 150 to 250 species live in the extratropical regions of the northern and southern hemispheres, about 20 of them in temperate and semi-arid regions of North America, about 60 in temperate Asia, and only three species in Europe. In Central Europe, no species occurs naturally, the staghorn sumac ( Rhus typhina ) is, however, often cultivated and wild from culture to find.

  • Species in Africa: Rhus chirindensis Baker f ( syn. Rhus legatii Schönland )
  • Rhus dentata Thunb.
  • Rhus erosa Thunb.
  • Rhus gueinzii Sond.
  • Rhus kirkii Oliv.
  • Rhus laevigata L.
  • Pastures vinegar tree ( Rhus lancea L. f )
  • Mountain Karee ( Rhus leptodictya Diels )
  • Rhus longispina Eckl. & Zeyh.
  • Glänzendblättiger staghorn sumac ( Rhus lucida L.)
  • Rhus natalensis Bernh. ex Krauss
  • White Karee ( Rhus pendulina Jacq. )
  • Rhus pyroides Burch.
  • Rhus quartiniana A.Rich.
  • Rhus tenuipes R. & A.Fern.
  • Rhus transvaalensis L.C.Leach
  • Rhus viminalis Aiton
  • Rhus wildii R. & A.Fern.
  • Rhus zeyheri Sond.
  • Rhus ambigua Lav. Dipped ex.
  • Chinese sumac ( Rhus chinensis Mill )
  • Rhus hookeri Sahni & Bahadur
  • Rhus hypoleuca champion ex Bentham
  • Rhus javanica L.
  • Rhus lancea L. f
  • Rhus mysurensis Heyne ex Wight & Arn.
  • Rhus parviflora Roxb.
  • Rhus potaninii Maxim. Deposits in China
  • Punjab sumac ( Rhus punjabensis JLStewart ex Brandis )
  • Rhus orientalis (Greene) C.K. Cutting.
  • Rhus L. succedanea
  • Rhus sylvestris sieve. & Zucc.
  • Rhus teniana Handel-Mazzetti
  • Rhus trichocarpa Miq.
  • Lacquer tree ( Rhus verniciflua Stokes ): The supplier of Urushi.
  • Rhus wilsonii Hemsley
  • Rhus wallichii Hook. f
  • Rhus taitensis Guill.
  • Species in the Mediterranean region: Gerber sumac or Gewürzsumach ( Rhus coriaria L.)
  • Rhus pentaphylla ( Jacq. ) Desf.
  • Rhus tripartita ( Ucria ) Grande.
  • Fragrant sumac ( Rhus aromatica Aiton )
  • Winged Sumac ( Rhus copallinum L.): shrub or small tree, be recovered from the copal and tannins
  • Smooth sumac, scarlet sumac ( Rhus glabra L.): frequently more appropriate shrub or tree with a height of 3 to 4 meters
  • Prairie Sumac ( Rhus lanceolata ( A. Gray ) Britton )
  • Michauxs sumac ( Rhus michauxii coffin. ) ( Endangered species )
  • Rhus radicans L.: a climbing plant
  • Essigbaum or stag piston sumac ( Rhus typhina L.; Syn: Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw. )
  • Poison ivy / poison oak ( Rhus toxicodendron L.)
  • Rhus vernix L.: With English common names poison sumac, is found only in wetlands of the eastern United States.
  • Rhus choriophylla Wooton & Standlschmaus.
  • Laurel sumac ( Rhus laurina Nutt. )
  • Lemonade sumac ( Rhus integrifolia ( Nutt. ) Benth. & Hook f. Rothr ex. )
  • Desert Sumac ( Rhus microphylla Engelm. )
  • Sugar sumac ( Rhus ovata S. Watson )
  • Three-lobed sumac ( Rhus trilobata Nutt. ): There is a 1 to 2 feet high, foul-smelling shrub.
  • Evergreen sumac ( Rhus virens Lindh. Ex A. Gray)
  • Müller's sumac ( Rhus muelleri Standlschmaus & FA Barkley. ): An endangered species from northeastern Mexico
  • Rhus sandwicensis A. Gray: It is endemic to Hawaii.

Swell

  • Tianlu Min & Anders Barfod: Anacardiaceae in the Flora of China: Volume 11, 2008, p 345: Rhus - Online. and Toxidodendron - Online
  • Ting Huang Yi, Allison J. Miller & June Who: Phylogeny of Rhus ( Anacardiaceae ) based on sequences of nuclear NIA - i3 intron and chloroplast TRNC Trnd, In. . Systematic Botany, 32, 2007, pp. 379-391.
  • AJ Miller, DA Young & J. Wen: Phylogeny and biogeography of Rhus ( Anacardiaceae ) based on ITS sequence data. In: Int. J. Plant Sci., 162, 2001, pp. 1401-1407.
  • Bulk, Weisgerber, Schuck, Long, vocal, Roloff: Encyclopedia of shrubs, Nikol, Hamburg 2006, pp. 263-266, ISBN 3-937872-40- X
  • Bulk, Schuck, vocal: Encyclopedia of tree and shrub species, Nikol, Hamburg 2002, pp. 445, ISBN 3-933203-53-8
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