Systematics – study of multi-term systems

The classification of libraries in various types of libraries or library types can be evaluated by various criteria such as size, collection focus, ownership and function. A common subdivision is in the public libraries and academic libraries.

Public libraries serve the general literature supply for the population to educate and entertain, while academic libraries are mainly of scientific education and research. Public libraries are usually universal libraries ( with some emphasis on the fiction) and usually for a city or district responsible.

With regard to their collective center of gravity is universal and special libraries or special libraries can be distinguished. In the case of a loan of media option, a distinction lending library and reference library.

Librarianship is, Austria, Switzerland and other countries structured differently in Germany. The historical development and federalist structure has resulted mainly in Germany mean that there is no centralized, uniform organized library system could be formed.

The terms electronic, digital and virtual library identify a particular form library. Frequently, however, in the so-called centers do not libraries but for example, Internet portals and electronic publications.

The boundaries between different types of libraries are not always clearly drawn. Also, there is overlap between libraries, archives and documentation centers.

• 3.1 library landscape in Switzerland 3.1.1 Nationwide Services

• 3.3.1 Studies and Education Libraries 3.3.1.1 Kantonsbibliothek

• 3.3.2.1 Urban and Community Library

• 3.3.3.1 National Library
• 3.3.3.2 university and high school library

• 3.4.1 union catalog
• 3.4.2 IDS ( Information Network of German Switzerland )
• 3.4.3 RERO ( Réseau des bibliothèques de Suisse occidentale )
• 3.4.4 CHVK ( Swiss Virtual Catalogue )

List

• Adel library
• Office Library
• Archive Library
• Workers library
• Artotheque
• Lending library
• Government library
• Braille library
• Digital Library
• Diocesan Library
• Dombibliothek
• Unit library
• Electronic Library
• Library
• Polytechnic library
• Fachinformationszentrum
• Mobile Library
• Remote library
• Movie Library
• Companies library
• Research Library
• Open access library
• Women's Library
• Use library
• Prisoners library
• Academic libraries
• Reference Library
• University Library
• Court Library
• Wood Library

• Hörbücherei
• Institute library
• Hybrid library
• Canton library
• Kanun -e Parvaresh
• Children and Youth Library
• Church Public Library
• Monastery library
• Hospital library
• District Library
• State Library
• Lending library
• Literature database
• Magazine library
• Library
• Music Library
• National Library
• Public Library
• One Person Library
• Parliamentary Library
• Patients library
• Reference library
• Presidential Library
• Private library
• Provincial library
• Council library
• Regional library
• School library
• School media center

• Storage library
• Special library
• State Library
• City ​​Library
• Abbey Library
• Universal library
• Universal library
• University Library
• Corporate Library
• Virtual Manuscript Room
• Virtual Library
• Virtual Library
• -Library
• Scientific library

Germany

Classification by function levels

The Library '73 and the '93 position paper libraries created by the Federal Union of German Library Associations recommend a classification of libraries according to their area of ​​responsibility for the provision of literature. There are four functional stages can be distinguished:

Classification in the Library Statistics

The German Library Statistics distinguishes academic libraries on the one hand and public libraries on the other side.

The academic libraries include National Library and National Library (4th level ), regional library, university library and other university libraries (3rd level ) in different organizational form, and special libraries.

In public libraries Main Library (2nd stage), basic library (1st stage) and elementary library and mobile library, children's and youth library, patient library, music library, prison library, art library, troops Library, Library for the Blind and -Library can be distinguished.

Switzerland

In Switzerland, the following classification is conventional:

• General public libraries (formerly public libraries )
• Studies and educational libraries
• General academic libraries
• Scientific Special Libraries

In this classification corresponds to the type of general academic library in about the third function level of German libraries, the large university libraries such as the University Library of Basel are traditionally public. Studies and educational libraries would be to settle after the German division, depending on the library 1 to 3 stage by leading both literature for a wide audience, but also for example a municipal or cantonal collection task can meet and have extensive old stocks. For this type of library includes numerous cantonal libraries and larger public libraries.

Library landscape in Switzerland

Librarianship is determined in Switzerland mainly by the cantons and the municipalities, as is the case for culture and education. This means that the population has a say and can make this claim in referendums on new construction, alterations or budgets of libraries. The libraries are due to budget cuts often forced to be thrifty. This has the consequence that many libraries of associations and foundations must be supported financially.

Due to the prevailing State sovereignty ( federalism ) in Switzerland there are only three public libraries, which are subordinate to the federal government: the collections of the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology of Zurich and Lausanne and the Swiss National Library. For the general public libraries and scientific collections mainly books from abroad are important in terms of book production. Only the Swiss National Library sets the collection focus on Swiss publications. Although Switzerland does not know the legal deposit exists between libraries and publishers often an agreement, which the latter undertakes to deliver a copy.

Nationwide Services

The Bibliomedia Switzerland Foundation (until 2002: Swiss People's Library ) consists since its inception in 1920 for the development of public libraries and reading promotion in Switzerland. It contributes to library start-up companies, supplying local libraries and schools with demand compiled Leihbeständen in all national languages ​​and 10 other languages. Thereby contributing to a balanced supply of all parts of the country with attractive library services. Also develops and coordinates national campaigns and projects to promote reading.

The Swiss cooperative library service was established in 1965. It supports the library system financially and awards scholarships to employees of Swiss libraries for professional development abroad. It primarily promotes school and community libraries and is a self-supporting cooperative.

The Swiss National library provides with the "Global catalog of foreign titles in Swiss libraries " and the " List of foreign journals and serials in Swiss libraries " two important research tool available. She also has a major role in the interlibrary loan.

The Swiss Library statistics are collected annually and published in the Statistical Yearbook of Switzerland. The service is subject to the Federal Statistical Office and the Professional Association (BBS ).

Federalism also has disadvantages for the library system. Many projects which could benefit the whole country, fail because of the tedious bureaucracy of the cantons. This is also reflected in the fact that in Switzerland never a form of collection emphasis on the model of the special collections in Germany ( Special Collection program of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ) could be realized. Only the publication "Information Switzerland " comes close to the project. In this work, over 1250 libraries, archives, documentation centers and database provider in Switzerland and the Principality of Liechtenstein are listed.

History of the Swiss landscape library

The Swiss library landscape is extremely complex and the assignment of the libraries to categories difficult.

A view of the Swiss history and the development of the Swiss librarianship could clarify this issue.

In the Middle Ages, the first library to be established in monasteries and are often affiliated with a scriptorium. The Reformation in the 16th century is a cultural-political notch, libraries are detached from the church, and the forerunner of today's university libraries are established (Basel, Zurich, Bern, Lausanne and Geneva).

The society is changing, in the 17th/18th. Century forms a middle class, which increasingly now reads and is continuing his studies. In the Protestant towns citizens libraries are established and in the wake of the Enlightenment and compulsory education to lending libraries ( this for a long time only a certain segment of the population, however, remain open) established for the rural population and reading societies.

The turmoil of the French Revolution also cover Switzerland and lead in 1803 in establishing the new cantons of Aargau, Thurgau, Grisons, St. Gallen, Ticino and Vaud. In the same context cantonal libraries now be established in collecting, archiving, and opening up of the regional literature focusing. Monastic property was confiscated and used the new libraries as the initial stock. 1848 is finally confirmed by the new Constitution to the federal structure of the Swiss federal state, the cantons and the federal government share the tasks according to the principle of subsidiarity. At the same time, the federal government establishes for the newly emerged political offices as the Statistical Office and the military 's own libraries and will have the right to establish polytechnics. 1900, the Swiss National library (now the Swiss National Library ) was opened in Bern. The majority of the cantonal libraries performs a dual function. They are now both cantonal and university libraries. Within the departments of the University to a variety of special and specialized libraries forms. The libraries of reading societies open now wider layers, they are seen as the forerunner of the present-day city libraries. The Foundation Swiss People libraries organized. General is trying to organize the library system by, among other things, the Association of Swiss Librarians (VSB, then BBS, today BIS) is established, which takes care of itself as a link between the libraries particularly to the training and interlibrary loan.

Coordination was urgently needed, because according to statistics from the year 1911 81.8 % of the then-existing libraries had a population of less than 1,000 volumes, which demonstrates a lack of communication in librarianship. To counteract this be taken in two parts: On the one hand individual libraries will be merged into a central library, which occupies a coordination function and acts as a center for the canton and city. On the other hand, the libraries starting with the creation of union catalogs ( for the first time in 1897 in Zurich ).

Behalf of the Swiss libraries divided by library types

Studies and educational libraries

A Study and Education Library is a public library that provides the public literature and other documents made ​​available to provide access to information and education. It also serves the scientific work. The emphasis of the collection of studies and educational libraries is publications which are for the region of interest or deal with it.

Canton library

Each canton has its own library mission, which is awarded by the cantons. The acquisition policy is not dictated by the canton. It follows rather from the tasks entrusted to it. The cantonal libraries only fulfill their public mission and a regional collective order (much like the National Library, only at the regional level ). Together with archives, libraries and other similar institutions collecting those publications which:

• Appear in a publishing company, whose headquarters is in Canton,
• Act by the state or its residents,
• Were written by an author who comes from the province or lives there.

These cantonal publications read: Argoviensia (Canton Aargau ), Appenzellensia ( canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden and Appenzell Ausserrhoden ) Basiliensia (Canton of Basel-Stadt and Basel-Land ), Bernensie (Canton Bern ), Glaronensia (Canton Glarus ), Raetica (Canton Graubünden), Lucernensia (Canton Lucerne), Néocomensia ( Canton of Neuchâtel ), Nidwaldensia (Canton Nidwalden ), Obwaldensia (Canton Obwalden ), Sangallensien (Canton St. Gallen), Scaphusiana ( Canton of Schaffhausen ), Soloderensia (Canton Solothurn ), Thurgoviana (Canton Thurgau ), Vallesiana ( Canton of Valais ), Tugiensia (Canton train ), Turicensia (Canton Zurich ).

The State Library collects documents, regardless of medium. This means: monographs, recurrent publications, gray literature, dependent literature, maps, image documents, audio and audiovisual documents, electronic documents, online documents, radio and television programs. Receives Depending on the type of publication, a library or two copies for the loan and the archive. In addition, it also provides regional bibliographies together. Only the Bibliothèque de Genève, Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire of Lausanne and the Bibliothèque et universitaire Fribourg Cantonal have a duty levy (French: dépôt légal ).

With the aim of better coordinating the cantonal libraries on 20 May 2010 with the Swiss Conference of Cantonal libraries ( SKKB ) have joined forces.

General public libraries

A General Public Library (formerly Public Library ) is an open access library, which is open to the general public. It has a wide range of resources and services in order to give citizens as an opportunity to inform themselves of and to form.

Municipal and community library

In contrast to Canton, the city libraries, libraries have generally not the job to keep the copies, but to allow the general public access to information. Your inventory meets the demand in the areas of information, education, culture and leisure. In addition to this property, and literature it also provides a wide range of entertainment media. The mission of public libraries is determined by the city, but every library created in accordance with their own tasks acquisition policy. A city library also has a certain social importance as it is often used as a meeting place. It also hosts a variety of events such as readings and exhibitions, making it an important place for the local cultural scene. School library or media center The task of a school library ( now it is often referred to as a media center ) is to provide the students offer literature and other media that are necessary for teaching. A further object is to arouse interest in reading and to disseminate literature, which is why engaging exhibitions and other events (such as readings) are very important. It also serves as an educational facility and support teachers in their work. For this reason, learning workshops, tutoring lessons, and the like are not always offered.

General academic libraries

An academic library has all kinds of publications in the fields of study and research. They usually specializes in a particular area ( see Libraries ). In addition to the provision of scientific publications researched and published it often myself. Although their role is distinct from general public libraries, yet it is mostly open to the public.

National Library

The Swiss National Library (formerly Regional Library ) was established in 1895 and today comprises some three million documents. To the library also includes some special collections and institutions, such as the Swiss Literary Archives, the Graphic Arts Collection and the Centre Dürrenmatt Neuchâtel. Since 1 January 2006, the National Library receives its contract by the Federal Council, which it also provides a general budget. Its tasks are laid down in the Swiss constitution. As to their collections, the National Library is responsible for collecting Helvetica, open up and communicate. Helvetica encompasses all pieces of information that:

• Appear in Switzerland,
• Include relevant content to Switzerland or its people,
• In whole or in part from Swiss or foreign authors ( that are connected with Switzerland ) are created or helped to shape.

Collected are: monographs, recurrent publications, gray literature, dependent literature, maps, image documents, audio recordings, audio-visual documents, electronic documents, online documents, radio and television programs. The National Library in Bern, Fonoteca Nazionale Svizzera ( Swiss National ) in Lugano and the Cinémathèque Suisse ( Swiss Film Archive ) in Lausanne will each receive a copy for archiving.

University and high school library

The task of a university or college library is to provide literature, databases and other publications from the respective sections and study directions. Often it also covers other areas of knowledge. Historical universities and institutions have frequently, in addition valuable writings and prints. The university or college library is not open to the public in general, but is especially the students, professors and assistants open.

Specialists and special libraries

A specialized library belongs mostly to an institution, company, museum or archive and has a stock which is limited to a particular field of knowledge. It is mainly used to support the institution to which it belongs in the performance of their task and work and to provide the necessary technical literature available.

In the Federal Statistical Office in collaboration with the association of libraries and librarians Switzerland (BBS ) are prepared annually Stats 5 library categories are distinguished:

• Libraries with national order,
• University libraries,
• Public libraries,
• Networks of universities and
• Networks of colleges.

Union catalogs in Switzerland

Union Catalogue

In a union catalog of the holdings are merged from multiple libraries and lists uniform. The respective catalogs can be retrieved in a search through a single interface. The big advantage is thus the unique bibliographic record within the group. Following this, the libraries can attach their copies of this recording. It is possible to speak of a kind of " division of labor" within the cataloging. Often different competencies with respect to the bibliographic record additionally be distributed to the participating institutions and monitored by a central coordination and support. Union catalogs are usually the result of national policy considerations or within scientific institutions, such as in university libraries. Historically, the introduction of union catalogs on first appearances in the U.S. dates back from 1970. This trend toward mergers of catalogs sat in Switzerland in recent years also by. Examples of union catalogs in Switzerland

IDS ( Information Network of German Switzerland )

A major union catalog in the German-speaking area is the Information Network of German Switzerland (IDS ), founded by the German Conference of Swiss University Libraries in 2003. It includes over 400 libraries and is also connected to NEBIS (Network of Libraries and Information Centers in Switzerland). According to the articles of association of the IDS (Art. 3), the services focus inter alia on " the administrative and technical management, jointly -held information ." The IDS is composed of several independent sub- networks:

• IDS Basel / Bern
• IDS Lucerne
• IDS St. Gallen
• IDS Zurich University
• IDS Zurich Central Library
• NEBIS

In addition, the IDS has signed with various libraries and associations at home and abroad partnership agreement:

• Aargau Cantonal Library
• Bibliothèque nationale de Luxembourg
• Canton library Grisons
• Liechtenstein National Library
• Sistema Bibliotecario Ticinese
• St. Gallen library network

RERO ( Réseau des bibliothèques de Suisse occidentale )

In terms of its importance to the Union Catalogue of the Western Swiss libraries RERO is the counterpart to the IDS. It brings together 215 libraries in the cantons of Geneva, Vaud, Jura, Fribourg, Neuchâtel and Valais. Play an important role in addition the libraries of the four western Swiss Universities of Geneva, Lausanne, Neuchâtel and Fribourg. One goal of the RERO is the coordination of science and study of the French-speaking libraries in the context of a uniform documentation in accordance with their respective competences and resources. The focus is on the development and organization of a common network, which allows any user to access the entire stock of the composite.

CHVK ( Swiss Virtual Catalogue )

On CHVK participate approximately 60 libraries from Switzerland and Liechtenstein. This is a meta- catalog, which ensures a single query in currently seventeen library catalogs. For a specific query each hit lists of the various library catalogs consulted result. A total of over 9.1 million books and journals can be queried. A separate database does not maintain the CHVK.

And future projects

Culturally, the Switzerland based heavily on foreign countries. The main reason is that the centers of the three national languages ​​are not in Switzerland but in Germany, France and Italy. Therefore, cooperation with foreign institutions in the information area for the Swiss librarianship is essential. In addition, this international cooperation is facilitated and encouraged by the merger of the States within the EU and growing networking in the field of digital communication. An important project is the Conference of European National Librarians ( CNL ). Your goal is to strengthen the role of European national libraries. Particular attention is given to the accessibility of the national cultural heritage. To this end, they launched " The European Library ", a pan-European virtual library that integrates the stocks of the various European national libraries in electronic form, and greatly simplifies the search. Since 2005, the public can access this source. In other projects, it is more of an international standardization of data about the use and exchange simplify. The European project Linking and Exploring Authority Files ( LEAF ), in which Swiss National Library has a material interest, is concerned with the construction of a concordance file that the authority records of multiple databases linked. Also the project Multilingual Access to Subjects (MACS ) cares about the unification of entries. It works on a system that, starting from existing indexing languages ​​, enables multilingual thematic access to bibliographic catalogs. Even within the country's border projects exist to manage Swiss heritage as efficiently as possible and make it accessible. The focus of these especially the audiovisual media. Since their retention is subject to special storage conditions and a comprehensive collection requires a close cooperation of archived with the producing institutions ( eg radio stations ), an association was established that the collection, storage and conveyance of audiovisual documents the Switzerland goal has ( Memoriav - Association for preservation of the audiovisual heritage of Switzerland ). For the near future, two main priorities are emerging in the library policy. First, a comprehensive electronic collection ( e-Helvetica ) is to be implemented, which will contain, among other publications, which are available via the Internet. Its primary focus is the development of solutions in the foreground, the guarantee in the future the interpretive and readability of the data. The second focus is on adapting the services of the libraries to the needs of users and the integration of elements of the New Public Management. This is to ensure efficient management and increased customer satisfaction can be achieved.