Targum
A Targum (Hebrew תרגום "translation, explanation '; plural Targums, German also Targums; abbreviated Tg) is an ancient translation of the Hebrew or Greek Bible manuscripts in Aramaic. There are official Targums, including particularly the Babylonian Targums and unofficial, including particularly the Palestinian. A Targum, in addition to the "simple" ( peshat ) literal meaning also contain sites that are like a Midrash translated interpretively and as a commentary expanded and interpreted. Targums were created between 200 BC and 800 AD.
- Targum Onkelos 3.1
- 3.2 Targum Jonathan
- 5.1 Texts and translations
- 5.2 Bibliography
- 5.3 studies
Targums from Qumran
After the Babylonian exile ( 539 BC) displaced Aramaic, the main language in the Persian Empire, the Hebrew as an everyday language in Israel. The oldest known Aramaic Bible manuscripts were found in 1956 among the Dead Sea Scrolls. They were 200-150 BC and translate parts of the Hebrew drafted third book of Moses ( 4Q156 ) and the book of Job ( 4Q157, 11Q10 ).
The Aramaic Ijobtexte differ only in a few places slightly from those previously known, about 1000 years younger than the Masoretic manuscripts. They are simple, easy to understand and therefore have a tendency to reduce mythical motives and rational to interpret.
Palestinian Targums
According to Jewish Bar Kochba revolt ( 132-135 ) the Roman occupation designated under the Emperor Hadrian to the province of Judea in Philistia. The Roman domination destroyed the Jewish capital Jerusalem, scattered and drove out the Jews and built on the ruins of the Roman " Aelia Capitolina.
Unlike the Babylonian, which in Roman foreign rule and under the influence of Hellenism incurred in the province of Palestina Palestinian Targums were mostly unofficial, ie of time leading Jewish interpreters unauthorized, varied interpretations of the Jewish Bible translations that have many free narrative extensions.
There have emerged a number of Targums in the 1st century AD in the sphere of influence of Philistia. The unofficial text variations are many. Connect free transfers of Bible texts ( partly paraphrases ) with interpretations to have been used in the synagogue service of various (special) communities and groups. They provide insights into the Hellenistic Judaism in Philistia under Roman occupation and persecution of Jews in the time of origin of early Christianity.
Targum Neophyti
The Targum Neophyti 1 (Tg N) covers the entire Torah ( first - fifth book of Moses, the Pentateuch ). The dating of the Targum is uncertain. A complete colophon dates from 1504 and was first erroneously in the Vatican as Targum Onqelos titled. In 1886 it was acquired by the Bibliotheca Vaticana by the Collegium ecclesiasticum Neophytum, after its closure, which is the time in 1602 by Gregory XIII. had received. That it is a stand-alone Targum, was discovered in 1949 by Spanish professors Jose Maria Millas Vallicrosa and Alejandro Díez Macho. This Targum is not a pure translation in the Palestinian Aramaic (in contrast to Babylonian Aramaic ), but includes many places longer extensions of the biblical text. Díez Macho argues that Neophyti 1 in the first century AD dated. As part of a pre-Christian tradition it is based on text anti- Jewish, anti - halachischem, material with early geographical and historical terms, Greek and Latin words and pre-Masoretic Hebrew texts. Martin McNamara argued that this Targum in the fourth century AD dated.
Targum Pseudo- Jonathan
The Targum Pseudo- Jonathan and Yerushalmi I ( Tg J) also includes the Torah and Midrash ( sermon -like interpretations of ) them. Even the Targum Yerushalmi Fragmententargum or II ( JII Tg or Tg F) contains collected Midrashim to the Torah, but they are preserved only in individual verses or Versgruppen. It was completed before 800 AD. This Targum is a combination of translation and aggadic comments, where he is a pure translation, he agrees mostly the same as the Targum Onkelos.
Cairo Geniza
Fragments of official Jewish Targums have been found with other old original Jewish Bible manuscripts in 1890 in a Geniza in Cairo. Faulty and become by age, wear, or accident unsuitable ( kosher ) Jewish writings are collected in the Geniza a synagogue for final dignified burial.
Babylonian Targums
Unlike the Palestinian incurred in the Jewish diaspora in Babylonia Targums were official, authorized by then leading Jewish interpreters translations of the Jewish Bible.
Targum Onkelos
The official T. is predominantly the Targum Onkelos (Tg O), which is in the Talmud to Rabbi Onkelos and Aquila, a proselyte and auditor of the Greek Septuagint, returned. It comprises the Torah and translates them literally and only slightly interpreted, close to the Masoretic text, but with some updated exegetical additions. It was probably begun around 200 and revised several times until the completion of the 5th century.
Targum Jonathan
The Targum Jonathan (Tg L) was on Theodotion and Jonathan returned, who is also the author of a work on Kabbalah, the book Megadnim. Probably the Targum Jonathan was but started earlier. It transfers the biblical Nevi'im in narrative design.
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Targums also exist on the Psalms, the Book of Chronicles, the proverbs, the book of Esther and the Song of Songs.