Teppe Hasanlu

37.00472222222245.458611111111Koordinaten: 37 ° 0 ' 17 "N, 45 ° 27' 31" E

Hasanlu Tepe or Tappeh Hassanlu (Persian تپه حسنلو ) is a settlement mound in the Iranian province of West Azerbaijan, and is located south of the nearby Lake Urmia. The settlement mound will include an antique, perhaps mannäische city. This was destroyed by Urartu in the late 9th century BC, probably under Išpuini or Menua.

Location and appearance of the hill

Hasanlu Tepe is the largest town in the valley of the Gadar River and dominates the small Sulduz level. The place consists of a 25 m high " Zitadellhügel " with massive fortifications and cobbled streets, surrounded by an outer city, which is still 8 m above the plane. The whole place was much bigger, but was reduced in size by local agricultural and construction activities so that he now traverses 600 m. Citadel has a diameter of more than 200 m.

The Tell has several layers of habitation, the oldest of which dates back to the 6th millennium BC. It is famous for its golden cup that a team from the University of Pennsylvania led by Robert Dyson 1958 took place here.

During the excavations, a further Tell ( Hajji Firuz Tepe ), where it is thus the oldest signs of the wine, very close Hasanlus was explored. At the same time also Dalma Tepe was explored.

Excavations

Hasanlu was established by 2100 BC. The city lay at the crossroads of several major trade routes. The early layers show Hurrian influence, later reign Iranian and Assyrian influences before then. The layers of Hasanlu IV from the 10th and 9th century, are distinguished by a gray ceramic, which is referred to as mannäisch. Liverani keeps the city at this time for a portion of Gilzanu.

At this time, the settlement was unsurfaced, only the Acropolis, on the lay of the seat of the local ruler, and the temple was surrounded by a more than 3 m thick mud brick on a stone foundation, which had periodically towers. Their height is estimated to be 9 m. The method of attachment is reminiscent of Urartian systems. The citadel contained a palace, a temple and a treasure house (" Pearl House " ), in which were found numerous beads of carnelian, white glass and sea shells. Typical of the architecture of the Mannaeans are elongated open courtyards with porticoes on one or both sides. In Hasanlu IV columns were made ​​of poplar wood on stone bases. In these buildings, some researchers see the models of the Achaemenid palaces.

Finds

For most finds outweighs the Assyrian influence ( " assyrisierender mixed style " ), which can be found among others in Ziwiye.

Ceramics

In Hasanlu prevails a monochrome gray ceramic that is found in the 8th and 7th century in the territory of the Medes ( Iron Age I by Cuyler Young). The characteristic globular jars with long extended sleeves ( " teapots " ) have stylistically to Central Asia. Böhmer ( 1986) was able to identify a characteristic ritz mannäische decorated ceramics.

Chronology

The dating of the end of Hasanlu IV depends on the identification of the location and the connection with historical tradition of events. Medvedskaya (1988 ) assumes that Hasanlu was 714 BC destroyed by the Urartian. Dyson assumes that Hasanlu IV was destroyed in 800 by Menua what Kleiss (1994 ) doubts. The entryway to the interpreted as the temple building of the citadel the skeletons of 40 women who were perhaps killed during the conquest were.

After a hiatus Hasanlu was in the 8th century repopulated ( building level IIIB). The buildings are often viewed as Urartian. In the Middle Ages a fortress was built on the citadel.

Hasanlu has delivered a series of 14C dates.

Identification

Miroslav Salvini wants to equate Hasanlu with Mesta.

Dyson et al. see Hasanlu as the capital of Mannai, a view of Miroslav Salvini contradicts energetic. He points out that the stele Stele of Karagündüz by 815 Mesta and Parsua mentioned as the target of a campaign, but did not mention Mannai. He advocates a position of Hasanlu outside Mannai, without previously known " ethnic-national identity", is considering but to attribute it to a Persian tribe.

Gallery

Bronze drinking vessel in the form of an animal head

Lapislazulischerben

Crescent-shaped plate with animal and human motifs