Terminalia (plant)
Terminalia bellirica
The Myrobalan ( Terminalia ) are a genus of the family wing seed plants ( Combretaceae ). The Latin name is derived from the increased occurrence of foliage at the shoot tips here.
The genus is widespread in the tropics worldwide and includes about 100 to 200 species of trees.
Description
The Terminalia species grow as trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing. Some species are armed. The mostly arranged, alternate and spiral, sometimes almost rarely completely opposite or in whorls leaves are simple and entire. Stipules absent.
The flowers are in terminal or axillary, paniculate, racemose or aged men inflorescences with bracts. The radial symmetry or zygomorphic, four or five petals are usually bisexual, rarely unisexual. The flower cup ( hypanthium ) is intergrown me the ovary. The four or five sepals are fused, rarely eight calyx teeth are present. There are four or five petals present or they are missing. It is a discus available. There are one or two circles, each with four or five, rarely more, stamens present. It's just a constant under carpel available with two to six ovules. The simple, slim style ends in a pointed, capitate or undefined scar.
Most fleshy, drupe- like, leathery, two - to five -edged or bladed, fruits are formed. They contain only a endospermlosen seeds. The oil-bearing seed leaves ( cotyledons ) are curled or rolled spirally.
Use
Several Terminalia species are used for the production of substances such as cyclic triterpenes, flavonoids and tannins. Some of these compounds are effective against bacteria and fungi; also anti-cancer substances are below.
System
Synonyms for Terminalia L. are: Badamia Gaertn, Catappa Gaertn, Chicharronia A.Rich, Chuncoa Pav ex Juss, Fatrea Juss, Gimbernatea Ruiz & Pav, Hudsonia A.Rob. .. .. . ex Lunan, Kniphofia Scop., Myrobalanifera Houtt. , myrobalans Gaertn. , Pentaptera Roxb. , Ramatuela Kunth, Ramatuella Kunth, var orth, Resinaria Comm. ex Lam., Tanibouca Aubl. , Vicentia Allemão.
In the genus Terminalia about 100 to 200 species can be distinguished depending on the author. We distinguish several sub- genres; here a subdivision with a partial list of species of flora brasiliensis:
- Subgenus Catappa Terminalia australis Cambess.
- Indian myrobalan, Katappenbaum ( Terminalia catappa L.)
- Terminalia lucida Hoffmann.
- Terminalia tanibouca Sm
- Terminalia actinophylla Mart.
- Terminalia brasiliensis Cambess.
- Terminalia glabrescens Mart.
- Terminalia oblonga Poir.
- Terminalia obovata Poir.
- Terminalia argentea Mart. & Zucc.
- Terminalia Biscutella Eichler
- Terminalia fagifolia Mart. & Zucc.
- Terminalia guyanensis Eichler
- Terminalia januariensis DC.
- Terminalia macroptera Mart.
- Terminalia modesta Eichler
- Terminalia phaeocarpa Eichler
- Terminalia punctata Eichler
- Terminalia acuminata Allemão
- Terminalia adamantium Cambess.
- Terminalia riedelii Eichler
Here is a selection of species without considering the breakdown by species:
- Terminalia amazonia ( JFGmel. ) Exell: Syn Chuncoa amazonia JFGmel, Terminalia hayesii Pittier.
- Terminalia arenicola Byrnes
- Terminalia argentea Mart.
- Terminalia arjuna ( Roxb. ex DC. ) Wight & Arn. - Real myrobolan: Syn Pentaptera arjuna Roxb. ex DC. , Pentaptera glabra Roxb ''.
- Belerische myrobalan, Baherabaum ( Terminalia bellirica ( Gaertn. ) Roxb, Syn. Myrobalans bellirica Gaertn. )
- Terminalia bentzoe (L. ) Pers, Syn: .. Croton bentzoe L., Terminalia angustifolia Jacq, Terminalia benzoin L. f
- Terminalia Bialata ( Roxb. ) Steud Syn. Pentaptera Bialata Roxb.
- Terminalia brassii Exell
- Terminalia brownii Fresen.
- Terminalia calamansanai ( Blanco ) Rolfe, Syn: Gimbernatea calamansanai Blanco
- Indian myrobalan, Katappenbaum ( Terminalia catappa L., Syn: Phytolacca javanica Osbeck )
- Chebulic myrobalan ( Terminalia chebula Retz. ): Terminalia chebula Retz. var chebula
- Chebulic myrobalan ( Terminalia chebula var tomentella (short ) CBClarke, Syn: Terminalia tomentella Short)
The following described species are currently assigned to other genera:
- Terminalia erythrophylla Burch. Became a Combretum erythrophyllum ( Burch. ) Sond.
- Terminalia molinetii M.Gómez: Is now Bucida molinetii ( M.Gómez ) Alwan & Stace
Pictures
Indian myrobalan ( Terminalia catappa ):
Trunk and bark.
Fruit.
Inflorescence.
Whole fruit and edible seeds ( Badam nut or Indian Almond )
Terminalia myriocarpa:
Swell
- Saida & M. Qaiser Qaiser: Combretaceae in the Flora of Pakistan: Terminalia - Online. (English )
- Jie Chen & Nicholas J. Turland: Combretaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 13, p 310: Terminalia - Online. (English )