Turks in Germany

Turkish descent in Germany, people with German, Turkish or two nationalities who live in Germany and who themselves or whose ancestors formerly lived permanently in Turkey or Turkish citizens were. In official statistics, the concept of Turks in Germany, the term for citizens of Turkey who live in Germany. As Turks also people also German Turks are also often referred to, have given up their Turkish citizenship and adopted the German nationality after their immigration, colloquially called. About three million people with a migration background have their family or religious roots in Turkey. The term of Turkish descent is a neologism, which compared to the in common parlance spread of Turkish origin thus differentiates itself in that it includes not only members of ethnic Turks, but all ethnic and linguistic groups of the territory of the Republic of Turkey, in particular, the ethnic and within Turkey minority of Kurds who have settled in Germany.

• 3.1 After ethnicities
• 3.2 After residency status

• 5.1 Education
• 5.2 Economic Situation

• 6.1 Turkey
• 6.2 Germany

• 7.1 Definition
• 7.2 concept review

• 9.1 German Turkish institutions
• 9.2 German Turkish political organizations
• 9.3 Turkish - Islamic organizations in Germany
• 9.4 Turkish media in Germany 9.4.1 Print Media
• 9.4.2 Radio & TV Broadcasting

History

In 1961 the recruitment agreement between the Federal Republic of Germany and Turkey was signed. The initiative for the recruitment of Turkish workers in Germany went here from Turkey. Prior to this agreement Been recruitment agreements between Germany and Italy (1955 ), Spain and Greece ( 1960). The Republic of Turkey combined with this agreement on labor migration multiple targets. Firstly, they wanted to reduce their trade deficit ( remittances to improve the balance of payments), and on the other the social and economic problems in Turkey should be mitigated. First, was not thought that those referred to as "guest workers" labor should remain permanently in Germany. Over the following years moved to women and children. There are now great-grandchildren of the first generation of migrants, the Turkish citizens, although already their parents were born in Germany.

Especially among those Kurds who have entered the country with a Turkish passport in the Federal Republic of Germany, there are many who were allowed to remain as a (former) asylum seekers or as entitled to asylum in the country.

Official statistics and representative surveys

In official statistics the number of people detected with Turkish nationality. Become a "Turk " is defined as a subset of the category of " foreigners", then people with German and Turkish nationality are not recognized. Since, therefore, is no Kurdish state no Kurdish nationality, most Kurds who come from Turkey, counted among the " Turks", unless they (as may be the case with ethnic Turks), the German nationality accepted.

A declining number of " Turks" in Germany is no evidence for the decrease in the number of Turkish or Kurdish origin people in the Federal Republic. Since 1 January 2000 are here born children of non-German nationals with secure residence status in Germany automatically the German nationality, are no longer as " Turks" counted.

From a sociological perspective, it is questionable to distinguish sharply between people of Turkish origin with and without German nationality, since after a naturalization usually no abrupt change in the mentality of the person concerned is to be noted.

Even if one deducts the approximately 500000-800000 be traveled from Turkey Kurds from the set of "Turkish " Turks are the largest group of foreigners is living in Germany: end of 2006 there were, according to the Federal Statistical Office in Germany 6.75 million foreigners, which included 1.739 million Turks, followed by 535,000 Italians, 362,000 Poles and 317,000 Serbs and Montegriner, 304,000 Greeks and 228,000 Croats. On 31 December 2007 25.4 per cent of all foreigners living in Germany were Turkish citizens.

Number of Turkish citizens in Germany to 1945

Number of Turkish citizens in Germany (until 1990 only old federal territory )

Number of people of Turkish origin in Germany

The number of people of Turkish origin in Germany ( persons with current or former Turkish nationality or country of origin at least one parent, in relation to in Germany as German nationals born children with the country of origin of both parents ) during the year was

• 2007: 2,495,000
• 2008: 2,527,000
• 2009: 2.502 million
• 2010: 2.485 million
• 2011: 2.956 million

The jump from 2010 to 2011 was based on a modified method of counting. Approx. 471,000 children born in Germany of Turkish Origin parents, the German citizenship by birth within the country ( § 4 para 3 of the Nationality Act ) have purchased, were first counted.

According to information from the Foreign Office, in December 2012 in the Federal Republic of Germany, about three million people of Turkish origin, of which slightly more than half has the German nationality.

Naturalization before a Turkish citizen

Since January 1, 2000 are children born in Germany of Turkish nationals and the German nationality by operation of law, if at least one parent be lawfully resident for eight years in the Federal territory and a permanent right of residence has ( § 4 para 3 of the Nationality Act ). Naturalisation is not required for this ( unlike before 1 January 2000 born ) children. However, these children have when they become of age and no later decide with their 23rd year of life, whether they want to give up Turkish citizenship (option model). They opt for Turkish nationality or give them no explanation, the German nationality is lost. They opt for German nationality, they must prove the loss of Turkish citizenship until the age of 23 years of age, otherwise they also lose their German nationality (§ 29 Act). Turkish children who were not yet ten years old on 1 January 2000 and which at the time of her birth the requirements of § 4 para 3 of the Nationality Act templates, were to 31 December 2000, the German citizenship by naturalization purchase ( § 40b Act). Who was naturalized after this transitional regime, as well fall under the option scheme, so it can lose their German nationality with the 23th birthday again.

Loss of nationality by re- adoption of the Turkish nationality

Since 1 January 2000, the re-acquisition of Turkish nationality leads after obtaining naturalization in the German State Association for the loss of German nationality. This consequence has occurred in 25 of the Nationality Act § by the removal of the so called Inland clause. An estimated 48,000 former Turkish nationals have lost their German nationality by it.

Return migration to Turkey

Since 2005, more return from Germany of Turkish descent back to Turkey, as migrate from there to Germany. However, the sharp decline in migration (from about 50,000 in 2002 to 30,000 in 2008) responsible than the increase in the number of emigrants between 2006 and 2008 for the negative net migration to a greater extent.

The number of people who (also) with Turkish nationality living in Germany, is steadily diminishing since the peak twelve years ago - at the time of 2.1 million to 1.6 million now. The reasons statisticians call next naturalization and deaths also returnees.

The Dortmund Institute Futureorg interviewed in the study TASD 250 Turkish and Turkish origin academics, of which almost three-quarters were born in the Federal Republic to their life situation. According to an interim analysis explained 38 percent said they wanted to emigrate to Turkey. The reason stated 42 per cent, in Germany they lack the " sense of place ". Almost four-fifths questioned, " that in Germany a credible integration policy is conducted ." In addition, generally experiencing a trend towards return migration to Turkey. In 2008, however, for example, attracted 28 741 Turks to Germany in the same year 38.889 Turks from Germany to Turkey. This trend continued in the following years. In 2010 and 2011 left more Turks in Germany, attracted as Turks to Germany.

In the years 2007-2011 193,000 Turks living in Germany are permanently returned to Turkey. The most common were unemployment and discrimination decisive for the return migration. Among the findings of a survey of the Turkish- German Foundation for Education and Scientific Research ( TAVAK ).

Turkey experienced very high growth rates over the past 10 years. Many academics have Turkish origin in Turkey a very good chance to, such as the automotive, supplier, or the defense industry. The retail, textiles, tourism and financial services are very popular.

Media consumption

See the Turks living in Germany and hear according to the Berliner private market research firm Data 4U predominantly Turkish-speaking media. Hence, they use 80 % of their time in which they access media, Turkish language channels. Especially women use almost exclusively Turkish-language media. The most-watched station in German - Turks are Turkish-speaking station ATV and Euro D. The children's channel Super RTL in German - Turks with only four percent market share of the most-watched German TV station. The best-selling Turkish daily Hürriyet in Germany is approximately 36,000 copies. Because of this media consumption, the majority of Turks living in Germany has not noticed a lot of example of the debate about Thilo Sarrazin.

Groups and status of citizens with Turkish nationality

After ethnicities

Turkish citizens are a heterogeneous group of up to 25 to 30 different native of Turkey ethnicities and language groups. The largest share have not clearly accrued ethnic Turks, followed by the Kurds, Zaza, Laz, Circassians and other smaller ethnic groups, such as the Christian minorities of Armenians and Syrians. The latter liturgical language is still a dialect of the language of Jesus. Almost all speak Turkish and additionally often their original native language.

After residency status

The residence status of Turkey -Russians in Germany is very different.

According to the Federal Ministry of the Interior had on 30 June 2000 by the living in the Federal Republic of Germany Turkish nationals

• 730 387 a temporary residence permit,
• 624 731 a permanent residence permit,
• 469 795 a residence permit,
• 23,715 a residence authorization,
• 6896 a residence permit.

In 2011 had 1,607,161 Turkish nationals following residency status:

• 561 355 people with issued before 1 January 2005 residence permits, namely 502 005 people with a permanent right of residence ( residence permit ); this applies since 1 January 2005 in accordance with § 101 para 1 of the Residence as a settlement permit continued
• 59 350 persons with a limited residence permit under the Aliens Act 1990 ( residence permits in the form of a residence permit, residence permit, residence authorization, this probably be predominantly permanent residence permits that remain in force also in accordance with § 101 para 1 of the Residence as a settlement permit since 1 January 2005),

Among the 280,000 persons with a residence permit are approximately 35,000 Turkish workers and their family members who enjoy a special status under the Association Council Decision No 1 /80 ( ARB 1/80 ). These people get formally a temporary residence permit ( § 4 para 5 of the Residence ), but a principle behind the permanent right of residence under European law is. The Federal Administrative Court ruled in May 2012 that Turkish nationals who fall under the ARB 1/80, are entitled to at least five years valid residence, from which their right of permanent residence is clear. For further details, see → Decision No 1/ 80 of the EEC- Turkey. Status after the ARB 1/80, it does not preclude obtaining a different residence status; the ARB 1/80-Status is thus in principle not lost. Many people with ARB 1/80-Status should therefore see the people with another residence permit, especially with a settlement permit.

Religion

In a study conducted on behalf of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation survey interviewed Turks and Turkey Ethnic reported the following religious affiliations:

• Sunni: 63 percent
• Alevi: 12 percent
• Shia: 2 percent
• Other: 7 percent
• Religious affiliation: 8 percent

The majority therefore Turkish citizens and Turkish descent belong to two forms of Islam: Sunni Islam according to the Hanafi school of law and the Alevis. In addition to the economically motivated immigration of Alevis there were in the 1980s, also due to the political situation in Turkey seeking asylum Alevis. Since time immemorial, Alevism is not recognized in Turkey as a Muslim minority faith, which means limitations in their worship for the believers living there.

Even stronger restrictions were exposed Kurdish Yezidi faith in Turkey. The number jesidischer Kurds in Germany is estimated at 35,000 to 40,000. Not all Yezidi Kurds are, however, immigrated from Turkey.

The long-term fate of Muslim "guest workers" from Turkey in Germany led to the temporary backyard mosques were abandoned in order to build new architecturally recognizable as such, mosques in Germany. This delayed effect of labor migration of the 1960s and 1970s is often interpreted in the German population subjectively as an Islamic missionary activity, infiltration and Islamization. As a result of this interpretation, it occurs more than once to conflicts, for example, the planned central mosque in Cologne -Ehrenfeld Cologne or Frankfurt -Hausen.

There is also a Christian community of the Oriental Syriac Orthodox Christians with a bishopric in Warburg and a Syriac Orthodox monastery in North Rhine -Westphalia. Primarily hiked this from for bad living conditions. The number of Syrian Christians othodoxen in Germany is estimated at 80,000. You have several churches in Germany, partly rebuilt, partly taken from other communities. ( Hüsnü Acar: People between cultures Aramaic adolescents in Germany Paderborn 1997.. . ) The Armenian Apostolic Church has its diocese headquarters in Cologne. There are several parishes in Germany.

People with not very strong attachment to their religion and religious affiliation are more likely than their more bound to their religious compatriots willing to apply for German citizenship.

According to a survey conducted by the Centre for Turkish Studies in Essen, 80 percent of Muslim Turkey -Russians had referred the ages of 18 and 29 years as " somewhat" or " very religious."

Integration

A study by the Berlin Institute for Population and Development in 2009 showed those migrants in Germany or immigrated from Turkey whose ancestors, from as by far the worst integrated immigrant group. The Federal Agency for Civic Education noted, however, that "the population of Turkish origin in Germany [ ... ] as heterogeneous " was "that the creation of an integrated balance sheet for the group, the Turks ' almost impossible'.

Education

A study that was submitted in April 2010, revealed that one in five Turkish citizens in Germany speak German poorly or not at all. Many first-generation immigrants have visited in their home school and not have so a low to lowest level of education. About 70 percent of Turkish students in Berlin reached at best an extended secondary school, so most young people have enormous educational deficits in training age. Thus, nearly 42 percent of Turks in Berlin working age are unemployed, for example. Axel Börsch -Supan speaks in this context of a " crisis in education ". Turkish descent parents send their children less often than parents without a migration background in the nursery, although the children could acquire German language skills there before enrollment; the reasons for this lie in the fact that few teachers are bilingual.

Among those who failed to show a college degree, 2006 revealed that more than 20 percent, that they had a " low or very low literacy skills in Turkish ". Among them were many illiterate in two languages.

14 percent of Turkey -Russians in Germany have a university entrance qualification. At German universities studied 2007 14.910 Turkish citizens with acquired in Germany higher education entrance qualification (called Bildungsinländer ). In the same year, 7180 students have acquired in Germany with Turkish nationality their university entrance qualification abroad ( so-called students).

The situation of women under the Turkey Ethnic differs to some extent from the usual clichés: In the first generation of women ( 35-64 years), although only 35 percent have very good knowledge of German, but in the second generation of women ( 15-34 years ), this Quote risen to 70 percent. The Turkish origin women to talk about today is usually better and make frequent German Abitur as the men of Turkish origin.

In the period from 2001 to 2006, the proportion of pupils of Turkish origin increased without completion from 44% to 57%.

Economic Situation

When the Turkish government ( taking into account the poverty line ) has been proven that well below average incomes are paid, or dependence on government benefits is. Approximately 42.5 percent of all households (44 percent of all people) have to live at risk of poverty. The report of the federal government, especially the situation of relevant income ( persistent unemployment ), was identified the low level of schooling or vocational training and the family situation of many patients as a contemporary cause of poverty.

45.6 percent of Turkey Ethnic operate any private pension ( in the total population of Germany this applies to 35.6 percent ). Reservations can be found at Turkey -Russians in particular against the Riester pension, as subsidies and tax credits must be repaid if the saver draws to Turkey in retirement.

In the public service of Turkish origin people with a German passport are far underrepresented because they are granted access routes and requirements often are not familiar with. Among the self-employed, they are still under-represented, but their birth rate is higher than the ethnic German people under 35 years.

The HWWI observed a pronounced " niche economy ", use the start-ups with a Turkish migration background in Germany. While the former niche markets of the 1970s, in which mainly food for their fellow countrymen were sold, and the gastronomic sector are already saturated, had since the 1990s, a "new niche " in the area of knowledge-intensive services emerged that there is today. Another niche that used increasingly Turkish origin entrepreneurs for their purposes, consists of culturally sensitive care services for migrants of retirement age as nursing or funeral home. Such niches are, however, not intended to be permanent. This explains a Turkish grocer follows:

2011 there were 80,000 companies about three times as many establishments in Turkish hands in 1990. It employs approximately 420,000 employees and put more than 40 billion euros. Depending on the industry there are about 35 to 40 per cent employed German. The provision of capital is done in large part with the help of families, to an increasing extent also by Turkish banks, while German banks often behave extremely cautious about Turkish founders. Greater emphasis is mixed German - Turkish companies, which act as a bridge, for example, in the logistics industry.

Suffrage and electoral behavior

Turkey

At the Turkish elections, the Turkish citizens living in Germany can only participate if they are staying for election timing in the Republic of Turkey or on a border crossing. Therefore, to the Turkish election dates, for example, 1995 and 1999 Cheap flights organized by Turkish groups who want to support Millî Görüş or the MHP. Basically Turkish parties, however, foreign organizations are prohibited.

2008 approved the Turkish AKP Cabinet to introduce a postal vote rights for Turks living abroad. This should work for political parties, but not for independent candidates apply ( such as often occur Kurdish politicians ). The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Turkey removed the amendment by decision of 29 May 2008 with retroactive effect, because the secrecy of voting is not guaranteed by absentee ballot.

Germany

Turkish citizens as such in Germany no voting and election law, unlike citizens of the European Union, which can participate in local elections in Germany. In many communities, however, Turkish citizens have active and passive voting rights for foreigners Advisory Board, and on the basis of numerical strength and the relatively high Turkish organization level they are there often disproportionately represented ( in NRW: 55% of the board members Turks ( 1995), 57.6 % of the Advisory Board members Turks (1999)).

Most often, the parties SPD (about 39 percent) and Green (about 13 percent) selected because they address the Turkish origin migrants in their immigration policies and its liberal attitude regarding the citizenship law of Germans of Turkish origin.

The Berlin club Turkish community in Germany called as part of the 2009 federal election explicitly this on to choose people with Turkish origin, for example, Cem Özdemir Lale Akgun or.

In the current Bundestag (23 September 2013) 11 sitting MPs of Turkish descent:

• Cemile Giousouf (CDU )
• Cem Özdemir, Ekin Deligöz, Özcan Mutlu (The Greens)
• Metin Hakverdi Cansel Kızıltepe, Mahmut Özdemir, Aydan Özoguz, Gulistan Yüksel (SPD )
• Sevim Dagdelen, Azize tank (The Left )

Five of Turkish descent were elected to the Bundestag on 27 September 2009:

• Sevim Dağdelen (The Left; Member of Parliament since 2005 and from 2005 to 2009 migration policy spokesperson of the parliamentary group of the Left )
• Ekin Deligöz ( Alliance 90/The Greens, Member of the Bundestag since 1998)
• Memet Kılıç ( Alliance 90/The Greens, Member of the Bundestag since 2009)
• Aydan Özoguz (SPD; Bundestag since 2009)
• Serkan Tören ( FDP; Bundestag since 2009)

The 16th German Bundestag ( legislature: 2005-2009) also belonged to five of Turkish origin MPs, namely three from the left, one of the SPD and the Greens. Eliminated are at the 2009 election Lale Akgun (SPD ), Hüseyin Kenan Aydın and Hakkı Keskin (both from the left ).

The results of a representative survey of data- 4U on behalf of the Union, European- Turkish Democrats ( UETD ) and the Centre for Migration and Political Sciences of Hacettepe University in Ankara ( HUGO ) after the parliamentary elections in 2013 brought in terms of Turkish origin voters for the 17th German Bundestag following results: " Approximately 64 % of Turkish origin voters have chosen the SPD. This corresponds to around 425,000 votes for the Social Democrats, or about 1 percentage point to the overall result of the SPD ( 25.7 %). Secondly, the Greens and the Left Party to follow with 12 % and the CDU / CSU with about 7%. The BIG Party have selected 3% of the voting Turkey borns. The FDP can be found under Other ( 2%). A comparison with survey results from previous elections shows that the Greens with a drop of 17 percentage points, the biggest losses recorded -. Favor of the SPD "

A bipartisan " network of Turkish Origin elected representatives " of about 70 members of German local and state parliaments, the Bundestag and the European Parliament, who or whose families originate from Turkey, was initiated by the Körber Foundation in 2004. His work and regular meetings will be coordinated by the office of the network in the German -Turkish Forum Stuttgart.

Description German - Turks

Definition

" German - Turks" or " German Turks " is a colloquial term, the one for German nationals or who have resided in Turkey whose ancestors, on the other hand for all ethnic Turks who live in Germany, regardless of their nationality. Here are also often members of non-Turkish ethnic groups in Turkey, such as Kurds, nationality latter einbezogen.Bei the word part " turk " but the ( former ) based, such as in a survey conducted by the weekly newspaper "Die Zeit" in German Turks.

The term refers, the approach in early uses not normally on a ( dual) citizenship or dual ethnicity (one German and one Turkish parent), but should instead reflect the fact that Germany for most living there Turkey Stubby has become the center of life.

Term review

Comparing the term with analog as German or Anglo-Americans, it is noticeable that " German Turk" the following rules should actually a Turkish citizen who is originally from Germany designate. The term is therefore of social scientists as part rated disintegrative, as the word formation rules of the German language stating that for compositions of words, the word standing at the end of which carries the essential meaning and thus German Turks even after the adoption of German citizenship in the public perception continues in primarily would be perceived as Turks. Around one third of the 2007 living in Germany German Turks have never lived in Turkey, a large number of other already immigrated as children. Others have come only in recent times from Turkey to Germany.

The educator and non-fiction reviewer Yalçın Yıldız sees the term also as "per se problematic " and points out that to show his multiple Nichthinterfragung limits of intercultural research. Caroline Fetscherplatz the Tagesspiegel sees the term also primarily influenced by the German society. In many cases behind can also political judgments or intentions are.

German - Turkish flag

The German - Turkish flag ( called partially DeuTürk Banner ) is a German tricolor in black, red and gold with the Turkish crescent and star symbols. The flag has no official status, but has been used in various media as a symbol of Turkish immigrants and their descendants in Germany to represent their ties with both their Turkish roots as well with their new homeland Germany. Besides their use in various media it is shown primarily at football games and tournaments of Turkish origin fans.

The invention of claim Flag Ömer Fevzi Han and Behçet dorsal root from Hamburg for themselves. Dorsal root gave his copy to the Hamburg Museum of Ethnology, where it was shown in 2006 in the exhibition fascination football. In fact, the flag appeared increasingly in various German cities, such as Munich and Berlin, during the World Cup 2006 and two years later, many fans showed them at the European Football Championship in 2008, when Turkey and Germany clashed. Here was advertised with the Association of German and Turkish symbols for a peaceful football match. Various media, such as the TAZ took this on, but also use them independently from football for German - Turkish theme and this even before 2006. Example, the flag was used in 1997 on a title page of time. The special issue of Time magazine, Turks in Germany ( 51/ 97) received an award from the Art Directors Club in the category " design journal ."

Since there are no established guidelines for the flag, there are different variants. So crescent and star may also be of gold or rest on a red disc in the center of the tricolor. Another form leads a broadened red stripes with crescent and star.

List of important Turkish cultural institutions in Germany

German Turkish institutions

• Foundation Center for Turkish Studies
• Turkish - German Chamber of Industry and Commerce
• German - Turkish Forum Stuttgart
• German - Turkish Friendship Award
• Turkish Cemetery Berlin

German Turkish political organizations

• Colorful eV (Federation of Turkish Origin Social eV )
• Federation of Turkish folk clubs Social
• Anatolian Federation ( Tarnverein DHKP -C)
• Federation of Turkish - Democratic Idea List clubs in Germany ( Tarnverein of the Grey Wolves )
• Islamic Democratic Union ( political party )

Turkish - Islamic organizations in Germany

• Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs
• Association of Islamic Cultural Centres
• Islamic Community Millî Görü
• Avrupa Türk- İslam BİRLİGİ
• Alevi community Germany
• AAKM - Cemevi

Turkish media in Germany

Print media

• Türkiye ( daily newspaper )
• Mail ( monthly newspaper )
• Don Quixote (Journal)
• Hayat (Journal)
• Hürriyet ( daily newspaper )
• Milli Gazette ( newspaper )
• Yeni Asya ( daily newspaper )
• Zaman ( newspaper )
• Milliyet ( newspaper )
• Tercüman ( tabloid )
• Sabah ( daily newspaper )
• Schulbuchverlag Anadolu ( publishing house for school and children's books)

Radio and television broadcast

• Radyo Metropol FM
• Word on Friday ( Friday Forum )