Tuvans
Tuvan ( Tuvan Тыва / Tyva ) is the name of the largest non-Slavic population in the Altai - Sayan region ( South Siberia). In place of the Republic of Tuva, the more than 200,000 Tuvan (1989: 198 448 ), the majority of the population (1989: 64.31 %). Linguistically, the Tuvan are now attributed to the Turkic peoples.
Alternative designations
Other names for the Tuvan are Tyva Tyvaner, Tuva and Tuvaner. As a side forms Tuwinen and Tuwinzen apply.
In the past, the Tuvan were also known by the name Sojonen, Soyots and Urjanchaj, the latter ethnonym includes both Turkic and mongolischsprachige groups.
Language, religions
Tuvan, a Turkic language, the strong influences of the Mongolian is exposed. Since 1940, it is written in Cyrillic.
Like the neighboring Mongolians profess the Tuvan, of which they are also culturally influenced, mainly for Tibetan Buddhism. A great importance have traditional shamanic practices.
History
Traditional economic form of Tuvan was the nomadic cattle breeding, the Todsha operated in the northeast of the settlement area reindeer breeding. After the end of Oiratenreiches included the Tuvins to China, were under ( ost) Mongolian government and the local elite was largely mongolisiert. In the 19th century, Buddhism sat down gradually as the predominant faith.
After the Chinese revolution, the Tsarist Empire in 1914 built on the largest part of the Tuvan territory a protectorate Urjanchajski Kraj ( Урянхайский край / Region Urianhai ). In the Russian Revolution of 1917, a period of occupation by Chinese forces and various Russian factions, and finally in 1921 the establishment of the " People's Republic of Tannu Tuva " followed ( Tuvan: Tahdy - Tyva Respublika Ulus ). 1922 also saw the founding of the People's Revolutionary Party TARN ( Tuvan: Tyva arattyh revoljustug namy ). In 1926 she was renamed Respublika Tyva Arat / TAR ( Tuvan People's Republic ).
The first " republican " government (1921-1924) led the nobles Noyan Buyan - Badyrgy, the feudal chief of Choschun ( district ) Daa ( Mongolian: Nojon Buyan - Badrachuund ). The term of office of the government Donduk Kuular (1924-1929) was characterized by a policy of following the Mongolian People's Republic and the promotion of Buddhism. Through the Cultural Revolution 1929/1930 Soviet-style cadres came to power, which ushered in a transformation of the Soviet model. As an official language of Tuvan written language has now been developed in place of the ancient Mongolian used so far, which was until 1940 written with Latin letters.
In 1944 the area of the disbanded People's Republic was annexed as Autonomous Oblast of the RSFSR in 1961 it received the status of an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. 1991, this with the Republic of Tuva was transformed.
Kinship relations with the Turkic minority in Mongolia
The now living in western Mongolia DYWA are linguistically and culturally closely related to the Tuwinern. You long remained the recognition as a national minority denied because they live in the Kazakh -dominated Bajan Ölgii Aimag. The DYWA were sometimes referred to in older sources also called Gok Gok Tschuluutan Mantschak or what the name of a subgroup, namely Gok Mandtschak goes back. Currently, their community consolidated in Tsengel sum by return of previously emigrated to the Central Mongolia families. The total number of Tuvan including DYWA likely to be in Mongolia between a few thousand and ten thousand, the various words are contradictory. The Tuvan journalist Mongal Sedip goes even out of 30,000.
Tuvan minorities in China
In the PRC, some thousand DYWA live the Altai direction ( Tuvan: Aldaj dshüktüch dyvasy ). The name refers to the settlement of the minority, which is located south to southwest of the Altai comb. Depending on the source of 2,000 ( 1989) or 5,000 ( 1992) people is assumed. Although the Chinese government had offered DYWA the early 1950s to recognize them as a distinct nationality ( " national minority" ), there is this minority to date it to become the Mongols, in the specific case of the Oirat resident counted. The basic concern has been unofficially called the Turkic speaking also as a quantitatively small group pressure, but to oppose Muslim Kazakhs nothing. To be part of the quantitatively strong group of Mongols, with whom they share religion and way of life and whose language they have mastered almost all, give them a sense of cultural security.
Known Tuvins
- Huun Huur - Tu, internationally known Tuvan music group
- Sainkho Namtchylak modern singer
- Sergei Shoigu Kuschugetowitsch, Russian politician
- Galsan Tschinag, German-speaking writer of Mongolian origin