Urban horticulture

Urban Horticulture, and Urban Gardening, is the most small-scale, horticultural use of urban land within settlement areas or in their direct environment. The sustainable management of horticultural crops, the environmentally friendly production and a conscientious consumption of agricultural products available globally in the foreground. Urban gardening is a special form of horticulture. You win because of the urban population growth with a simultaneous reduction of arable land as a result of climate change or by fleeing from rural regions of civil war in safe cities for poverty reduction in importance.

Functions

Urban Horticulture experienced in recent years a growing interest due to the following aspects:

  • Local food production and the near stationary consumption is one of the ways transport routes (and thus the emission of carbon dioxide) to reduce. In particular, through the use of greenhouses, the income may be optimized for limited land and energy can be saved.
  • Integration of agriculture and urban life in the natural dynamics by local recycling of compostable waste and waste water
  • The growing interest in local food production fits into the general social movement that is centered around the knowledge, upgrading or maintaining local specialties (eg Slow Food ).
  • It increases the demand for food, which are produced in an environmentally compatible and socially just, what is often tries to achieve through self-production or local assistance.
  • In poor countries, residents of cities receive opportunities for subsistence farming. Such projects will be supported by international organizations.
  • Bridge bottlenecks in the supply urban areas with food.

In addition to the ( sub-) supply of locally grown produce, gardening has other effects in the city: improving the urban microclimate, contribution to biodiversity, sustainable urban development, and education and awareness of sustainable lifestyles. When gardeners develop encounter, community and commitment to the district.

History

Urban Horticulture is operated since there are cities. The short shelf life of a number of foods made ​​it up to the onset of the second half of the 19th century improvement of transportation is not possible to produce these in regions that were far removed from the buyers of these foods. Cities reported so usually quarter to, were produced in the fresh fruit and vegetables, which were necessary for the supply of the city population. The German landowners and economic geographers Johann Heinrich von Thünen developed in the 19th century, a land use model ( the so-called Thünensche rings), the weighted demand of the urban population and the transportation costs and facilities. An acting rationally population were provided grown rapidly perishable food in the immediate vicinity of the cities that could fetch high prices in the markets of the city. The transportable was a food, the further it was cultivated by the markets. A number of perishable foods arrived to such high demand that the cultivation took place in spite of the scarce and expensive space in the cities. In Paris, the city of gardens were located, for example, in the second half of the 19th century in the historical district of Le Marais, corresponding to the 3rd and 4th arrondissement today. Estimated 8,500 independent gardener built on about 1,400 acres, one-sixth of the urban area of Paris, fruits and vegetables. The annual income amount is estimated at 100,000 tons. The dependence of urban city population was also addressed during wartime. In the United States of America, Canada, Great Britain and Germany, the population was asked to use every available area for the cultivation of food. In the English-speaking world was formed for this form of horticulture, the term Victory Garden.

At the present time the practice of urban horticulture comes again to a heightened level of attention. The stock of supermarkets is particularly geared for perishable goods on a sale within three days. The long-range blockade of transport routes during a strike by British truck drivers and farmers in 2000, and natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina in 2005 have shown that it is in large cities after three days to massive supply bottlenecks when they are cut off from a supply from the surrounding area. Ewen Cameron, Baron Cameron of Dillington, the head of a commission that investigated the supply situation of British cities on behalf of the British government in 2007 rewrote the failure-prone supply situation with nine meals from anarchy ( nine meals to anarchy ).

At the Humboldt University in Berlin, the first Professor of Urban Horticulture was appointed ( since 2009 Urban Plant Ecophysiology ) in Germany at the Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture in the Department of Horticultural Sciences in January 2003. In the city of Bamberg is funded by the federal government pilot project Urban Horticulture, which is to strengthen the existing structures within the World Heritage site and thus serve as a model for future projects.

Examples of contemporary urban horticulture

Urban Horticulture is one of the methods to mitigate interference-prone power layers of cities clearly:

  • In Moscow and St. Petersburg, both cities in which the population lives again and again by poor food supply, build 65 respectively 50 percent of the urban population a part of their food to themselves.
  • In Cuba, led to the collapse of the Soviet Union, until then the most important trading partners, to far-reaching supply problems. Until then, Cuba was able to finance through the sale of sugar to the Soviet Union at prices that were above the world market level to import two-thirds of the required food, the oil needs and 80 percent of its agricultural machinery. In Cuba, the supply of the population was small farms changed after the collapse of the Soviet Union from large, reliant on the use of tractors on farms organoponicos, in or on the edge of cities. At the beginning of the 21st century came 90 % of the fresh foods that have been sold in Havana, from such organoponicos that depend neither on large agricultural machines still have a high demand for oil to transport their products to the consumer.
  • Among the best known examples of contemporary urban horticulture include two projects in the U.S. state of California. The ultimately forcibly cleared South Central Farm was built by Latin American immigrants whose impoverished district was under-supplied with supermarkets. They used an urban wasteland for growing fresh food and as a social meeting place. In the long term successful the Fairview Gardens farm was in a suburb of Santa Barbara, which was placed in 1997 as one of the first agricultural growing regions in the United States under protection.

Molding

  • Community Garden ( Community Gardens )
  • Guerilla Gardening
  • Intercultural Gardens
  • Small garden ( allotments )
  • Roof garden
  • Permaculture
  • Vertical farming
  • Mobile Garden
Santa Barbara, California Community gardening
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