Uyghur language

Spoken in

• Altaic languages ​​( disputed) Turkic languages Uighur languages Uyghur

Ug

Uig

Uig

The Uighur language (Cyrillic Уйғурчә, Уйғур тили, Arabic ئۇيغۇرچە, ئۇيغۇر تىلى, latin Uyƣurqə or Uyƣur tili ;维吾尔 语Chinese, Pinyin Wéiwú'ěryǔ ) is a Turkic language, mainly of the Autonomous Region of Xinjiang ( former transcription: Sinkiang ) is the People's Republic of China -based Uyghur spoken. In the turkologischen research in Turkey, the language " Turkish Uyghur " is called ( Uygur Türkçesi ). In the 9th century, the language of the Uyghur as Turki ( "Turkish ") was referred to this language and numerous monuments have survived. Precursor is the Tschagataiische.

Uyghur is now written with a modified Persian- Arabic alphabet.

• 6.1 General
• 6.2 dictionaries

Classification

Together with the Uzbek language is one of the Uighur language to the Uyghur language, a subcategory of the Turkic languages ​​. Other Uighur languages ​​are Yugur, Ainu and Ili Turki.

Geographical distribution

The Uighur language is the mother tongue of around 7.6 million people. In 1990, at the Chinese census, about 7.214 million people Uyghur as a mother tongue; them in Xinjiang alone 4.7 million. 1.15 million reported Hotan, 25,000 Yuli, 2000 actuators Turkmen and around 120 Ili Turkish as their mother language. Strong Uighur minorities exist in neighboring Kazakhstan ( 185 301 ), Kyrgyzstan ( 36 779 ) and Uzbekistan ( 33 762 ), smaller minorities ( 3,000 Uyghur ) lived in 1990 in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Mongolia in 1000 and 500 in Turkey.

Dialects and sociolects

The Uighur language breaks down to this day in numerous dialects, which are named with the exception of the " Dolan dialect " and " Ili -Turkish " according to the main towns of its speakers: Kashi (Kashi ), Yeni ( Yengisar ) Shache ( Yarkant ), Hotan ( Hotan ), Keriya ( Keriya ) Qiemo County ( Qiemo County ), Aksu, Karaxahr ( Karashahr ) Kuqa ( Kuqa ), Turpan ( Turpan ), Hami ( Hami ), Urumqi ( Urumqi ), Yuli ( Lopnur ), Dolan, Ili Turquoise ( Kuldja, Yining, Tarantschi ) and actuators Türkmen.

• The Dolan dialect is spoken in the oasis areas around the Tarim Basin and the Taklamakan desert.
• The Ili Turkish is to settle a transitional dialect between Tschagataiisch and Kyptschak - Uzbek. It dates from the Uzbek- Kyrgyz border area of ​​the Fergana valley and is only spoken by mostly older people. The voice carrier came about 200 years ago to Xinjiang.
• The actuators Turkmen regarded as a special Uighur dialect, which has 500 distinct words. The Akto Turkmen have separate customs and traditions; their origin, according to legend, they originate from Samarkand. The Akto Turkmen settle in 2 villages ( Kösarap and Oytak ). The nearest major town is actua, south of Kashgar.

( Officially, the Akto Turkmen attributed by the Chinese Central Government the Kyrgyz, while they themselves feel the Uyghur belongs. )

The New - Uighur is - although claimed by some Turkish historians and contemporary linguistic carriers - not to be regarded as a direct continuation of the old Uighur. In fact the Uygur on a Congress of the Turkic peoples of Turkestan in western Turkestan (Tashkent ) was adopted and transmitted to a large section of the population of Eastern Turkestan.

• See also: Comparative analysis of the Turkic languages

Vocabulary

The Uyghur vocabulary is based on a Turkish tribe, but includes how the Uzbek a large number of Persian loanwords. Many internationalisms has also acquired the language from Russian. Meanwhile, there are also loanwords from Chinese.

Font

The Uighur known as Old Turkish or ( old ) pre-Islamic Turkic languages ​​in the territory of modern Mongolia and China today were written with the so-called Orkhon runes, later also with its own Uighur alphabet. Meanwhile Direction changed under Chinese influence in a vertical from top to bottom. So it was taken over by the Mongols. Following the adoption of Islam, the Turkic peoples of Central Asia wrote their idioms with an adapted Arabic alphabet. In Fort effect of altuigurischen tradition the vowels was called (so-called Plene - sensitive) in the vowelless se Arabic script. As a written language, the group agreed Tschagataische language that fell apart from the 17th century into local varieties which have been replaced from the 20th century through the ( re) Uighur language.

In Xinjiang has been experimented in the 1920s to the 1940s with Latin and Cyrillic alphabets. 1969 Latin writings were introduced for several Turkic languages ​​in China, which were inspired mainly to the Pinyin transcription for Chinese (eg for x ش [ ʃ ], q for چ [ ʧ ] ), as well as for Uygur. 1987, the Latin script was abolished and reintroduced an Arab- Persian Alphabet, in which, however, in contrast to the old spelling all vowels are clearly distinguished.

The Language Code for Uyghur ISO 639 ug or uig.