Valeriana

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)

Valerians (Valeriana ) are a genus of the subfamily of valerian plants ( Valerianoideae ). It comprises approximately 150 to 250 species of plants.

Description

There are perennial, herbaceous plants and shrubs, sometimes as Valeriana microphylla in the Andes. The leaves are simple or divided. The hermaphrodite flowers are three to fünfzählig. There are two Blütenhüllblattkreise available. The petals are have grown. In each flower there are only three stamens. The three carpels are fused to an inferior ovary.

Central European valerians often grow on paths and forest margins and achieve growth heights of 50 to 100 centimeters. Valerian used medically (Valeriana officinalis) has white to pink, umbel -like inflorescences and feathery leaves.

Dissemination

The genus has a wide distribution in the temperate zones of Europe, Asia, Africa and America. It is mainly used in the forest regions of Europe, some of them in North America and the tropics of South America. There are Valeriana wallichii with a purely Indian Art Some valerian species and varieties are suitable as ornamental plants for parks and gardens.

Naming

The botanical name comes from the Latin valere = strong, be healthy. The German name is derived from the Latin and may be ajar Folk etymology of the name of the Nordic Light of God Balder ( Baldur ), son of Odin and Frigga.

Even in the 19th century were called Valeriana species spikenard.

Ingredients

All valerian species contain alkaloids and especially essential oils ( monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes ), the characteristic smell and for some people uncomfortable ( after drying ) because partial decomposition to lower carboxylic acids such as valeric acid occurs. Especially the sesquiterpenes are responsible for the sleep-inducing and calming effect. These effects include modulation of synaptic transmission and function of GABA receptors. From the valerian root (Radix Valerianae ) can dry extracts, but also ethanolic or aqueous extracts ( valerian ) are produced.

Medical Application

Valerian is used alone or in combination with other plant extracts such as hops or lemon balm as a mild sedative and hypnotic agents; in the German-speaking area are numerous valerian -containing finished commercial preparations that are commonly accepted as a traditional herbal medicine. The efficacy of valerian preparations compared to placebo in the treatment of insomnia is indeed proven; the effect is rather considered low. For the equally permissible, often propagated use of valerian preparations in the treatment of anxiety disorders, there is no sufficient evidence. In nervous heart complaints valerian may improve the daily well-being ( concentration, performance ). As with any medicine interactions may occur with other medicines.

In all states of nervousness, insomnia, and many psychosomatic diseases Valerian can be used as a tea, tincture or powder. Valerian is often combined with other medicinal herbs such as lemon balm, hops, or hawthorn, because this might reinforcing effects as each other.

System

Valeriana in 1753, established by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, Volume 1, page 31. Synonyms for Valeriana are Aretiastrum ( DC.) Spach, Astrephia Dufr. , Belonanthus Graebn. , Phuodendron ( Graebn. ) Dalla Torre & Harms, Phyllactis pers. and Stangea Graebn ..

Types (selection)

In the genus Valeriana valerians there are about 150 to 250 species:

  • Scharfblättriger valerian (Valeriana acutiloba Rydb. ): The home is located in the western states of the USA.
  • Valeriana alliariifolia Adams (syn. Valeriana tiliifolia Troitsky ): The distribution area is located on the Greek island of Euboea in the Aegean and further extends from Turkey through Iraq and Iran to the Caucasus region.
  • Valeriana altaica Sumner ( syn. Valeriana turczaninovii Grubov, Valeriana heterophylla Turcz. ): The home is the Autonomous Region of Xinjiang in China and Mongolia.
  • Valeriana amurensis P.A.Smirn. ex Kom: The distribution area is located in the south-eastern Russia, Korea and northeastern China.
  • Valeriana arborea Killip & Cuatrec.
  • Arizona valerian (Valeriana arizonica A. Gray, Syn: Valeriana ovata Rydb. ): The home is the southeastern United States.
  • Haselwurzblättriger valerian (Valeriana asarifolia Dufr. ): It occurs only in Crete and Karpathos.
  • Valeriana barbulata Diels: The distribution area extends from the southwestern Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan and Tibet, Myanmar to Bhutan and Nepal.
  • Valeriana bridgesii Hook. & Arn. ( Syn. Valeriana regularis Clos, Clos Valeriana simplex ): The home is Chile.
  • Valeriana briquetiana H.Lév. Homeland is the northeastern Chinese province of Yunnan.
  • California valerian (Valeriana californica A.Heller ): home are the western states of California, Nevada and Oregon in the United States.
  • Capitate valerian (Valeriana capitata Pall ex Link. ): The distribution area is the Russian Far East, Alaska, the U.S. and Canada, the Yukon Territory and British Columbia.
  • Real valerian (Valeriana Celtica L.): It comes with two subspecies in the Graian Alps, the Valais Alps and the Eastern Alps.
  • Valeriana chaerophylloides Sm ( Syn: Astrephia chaerophylloides (Sm. ) DC. ): The distribution area is located in western South America with Ecuador, Colombia and Peru.
  • Valeriana clarkei Briq. ( Syn. Valeriana elegans CBClarke ): The home is Pakistan.
  • Valeriana columbiana Piper: home is the northwestern state of Washington in the USA.
  • Valeriana daphniflora Hand. - Mazz. ( Syn. Valeriana Valeriana delavayi Franch and infundibulum Franch. . ): The home is the northwestern Yunnan, southwestern Sichuan and Tibet in China.
  • Small valerian (Valeriana dioica L.): The distribution area extends from Europe to western to central Asia and is also in the North American Canada and in the western United States.
  • Valeriana edulis Nutt. Homeland is Canada, the United States and northern Mexico.
  • Eastern Alps Valerian (Valeriana elongata Jacq. ): It occurs only in the eastern Alps.
  • Valeriana fauriei Briq. (to be done in the "Flora of China" as a synonym of Valeriana officinalis): The home is the Russian Far East, Korea, Japan and Taiwan.
  • Valeriana fedtschenkoi Coincy ( syn. Valeriana caespitosa Rupr, Valeriana longiflora rule & Schmalh, Valeriana minuta Wendelbo. . ): The distribution area extends from northern Pakistan through Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan to the Chinese in Xinjiang.
  • Valeriana ficariifolia Boiss. The home extends from Chinese Xinjiang Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and in northern Iran.
  • Valeriana flaccidissima Maxim. ( Syn. Valeriana faberi Graebn, Valeriana nokozanensis Yamam, Valeriana tripteroides Hand. - Mazz.. . ): The home are central to southern Chinese provinces, Taiwan and Japan.
  • Valeriana flagellifera Batalin ( syn. Valeriana pseudodioica Pax & K.Hoffm, Valeriana LCChiu venusta, Valeriana xiaheensis LCChiu. ): Home are the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan and Yunnan.
  • Valeriana hardwickii Wall. ( Syn. Valeriana acuminata Royle, Valeriana helictes Graebn, Valeriana rhodoleuca HBChen & CYCheng, Valeriana rosthornii Graebn, Valeriana tenera Wall ex DC, Valeriana udicola Briqu. .. .. ): The range extends from the southern to central China via the Tibet Autonomous Region on behind India and Indonesia to the Himalaya with Bhutan, Nepal, India and Pakistan.
  • Valeriana hengduanensis DYHong: home are the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
  • Valeriana hiemalis Graebn. Homeland are the Chinese provinces of Shaanxi and Sichuan.
  • Valeriana himalayana Grubov ( syn. Valeriana dioica CBClarke, Valeriana pusilla Royle ): home are the northern West Asia and Kashmir and the Karakoram region.
  • Valeriana hirticalyx LCChiu: home are the Chinese provinces of Qinghai and Tibet.
  • Valeriana interrupta Ruiz & Pav ( syn. Valeriana elatior Graebn. ): The distribution area is located in western South America with Ecuador, Peru and Chile.
  • Valeriana jaeschkei CBClarke ( syn. Valeriana dubia CBClarke, Valeriana kaschmiriensis Kreyer ex Grubov ): home is the Kashmir region.
  • Indian spikenard (Valeriana jatamansi ) Jones: The distribution area extends from Afghanistan to the Himalayas and Indo-China until well after China.
  • Valeriana kassa rica Karadze & Kapeller: The home is the region of the Greater Caucasus.
  • Valeriana kawakamii Hayata: home is Taiwan.
  • Valeriana kilimandscharica Engl: The circulation area is the eastern tropical Africa, with Kenya, northern Tanzania and the south-eastern Uganda.
  • Valeriana lancifolia Hand. - Mazz. Homeland, the West is China's Sichuan province.
  • Valeriana microphylla Kunth ( syn. Valeriana alophis Graebn, Valeriana amphilophis Graebn, Valeriana bonplandiana Wedd, Valeriana gonatolophis Graebn, Valeriana hieronymii Graebn, Valeriana Valeriana origanifolia Turcz and revoluta Diels. .. .. . ): It grows as a shrub in the Andes of Ecuador, Colombia and Peru.
  • Valeriana minutiflora Hand. - Mazz. Homeland are the Chinese provinces of Qinghai, western Sichuan, northwestern Yunnan and Tibet.
  • Mountain Valerian (Valeriana montana L.): It occurs only in the high mountains in southern and central Europe.
  • Western valerian (Valeriana occidentalis A.Heller ): The distribution area are western states in the United States.
  • Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.): The distribution area is in Europe, western Asia and further east in Siberia and the Far East.
  • Valeriana pauciflora Michx. Homeland are north- to south-eastern states of the USA.
  • Valeriana procera Kunth: home is Mexico.
  • Crawling medicinal valerian (Valeriana procurrens Wallr. ): It is found in Germany, Austria and possibly in Liechtenstein and South Tyrol.
  • Valeriana pseudofficinalis & CYCheng HBChen: The home is the large part of China.
  • Pyrenean valerian (Valeriana pyrenaica L.): home are the Pyrenees in France and Spain ..
  • Valeriana pyrolifolia Decne. Homeland is the western Himalayas from Kashmir to the Indian Kuamon region.
  • Willowleaf valerian (Valeriana saliunca space. ): It is found in the Alps and the Apennines.
  • Rock valerian (Valeriana saxatilis L.): The distribution area extends from eastern Switzerland on the eastern Limestone Alps over the limestone mountains of the former Yugoslavia to Albania. Another area is located in the Apuan Alps.
  • Valeriana scandens L. ( syn. Valeriana phaseoli A.Braun ): The distribution area is located in the North American Florida, Mexico and Central and South America.
  • Valeriana scouleri Rydb. (sometimes sitchensis subsp as a synonym of Valeriana sitchensis Bong and Valeriana scouleri ( Rydb. ) FGMey out. .. ): The deposits are located in western North America from the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and Alberta south to the U.S. state of California.
  • Valeriana sichuanica DYHong: Home is the southwest China's Sichuan province.
  • Ganzblättriger valerian (Valeriana simplicifolia ( Rchb. ) Kabath, simplicifolia ( Rchb. ) Nyman is also a subspecies subsp. Too Valeriana dioica)
  • Valeriana sisymbriifolia Vahl: The home is the Autonomous Region of Xinjiang in northwest China.
  • Valeriana sitchensis Bong. (. sometimes with Valeriana scouleri Rydb, Valeriana uliginosa ( Torr. & A. Gray ) Rydb. ): The distribution scope is western North America depending on the view from Alaska to California or additionally, the north-eastern North America
  • Valeriana sorbifolia Kunth ( syn. Valeriana gracilis Benth, Valeriana tenella Killip. ): The distribution area extends from Mexico through Central America to Ecuador in South America.
  • Valeriana stenoptera Diels: History, Tibet, western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan in China.
  • Valeriana stracheyi CBClarke: The deposits are in Afghanistan and in the Pakistani and Indian Himalayan areas.
  • Dwarf Valerian (Valeriana supina Ard. ): It occurs only in the eastern Alps and eastern western Alps.
  • Valeriana tangutica Batalin: home are the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Sichuan and Nei Mongol Autonomous Region.
  • Valeriana texana Steyerm. Homeland, the southern states of Texas and New Mexico in the United States.
  • Valeriana trichostoma Hand. - Mazz. ( Syn. Valeriana muliensis SKWu ): home are the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan in China.
  • Triple-blade valerian (Valeriana tripteris L.): He comes from the Vosges to the Carpathian Mountains and to the south, mountains of Europe before.
  • Knolliger valerian (Valeriana tuberosa L.): The distribution area is the Mediterranean, southeastern Europe and western Asia.
  • Narrow- medicinal valerian (Valeriana wallrothii Kreyer ): It is found in Germany and Austria.
  • Valeriana uliginosa ( Torr. & A. Gray ) Rydb. (. .. Valeriana sitchensis Bong sometimes referred to as ssp uliginosa ( Torr. & A. Gray ) FGMey or Valeriana sitchensis Bong var uliginosa ( Torr. & A. Gray ) B.Boivin ): home is the north-eastern North America.
Asterids Ovary (botany) Baldr Humulus Tom Tutin
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