Vernonieae

Detail of the inflorescence with basket- shaped partial inflorescences of Vernonia noveboracensis.

Vernonieae is a tribe in plant sunflower family ( Asteraceae). The name honors the English botanist William Vernon. The total distribution is almost worldwide, mainly in tropical to warm areas.

Description

The representatives of the tribe are herbaceous plants: one-, two-year or perennial; or woody plants: subshrubs, shrubs, rarely trees or vines. The native in tropical Asia Vernonia arborea Buchanan - Hamilton grows as a tree with growth heights of up to 33 meters. The usually alternate and distributed in basal rosettes or on the stem arranged leaves are mostly sessile. The leaf blade is usually serrated simply often with more or less, rarely smooth or lobed leaf margin; rarely it is divided.

In doldentraubigen to rispigen Gesamtlütenständen are basket- shaped part inflorescences together. In each flower heads are found only ray florets. The petals are fused into a tube, which is formed up to a tongue, it has five corolla lobes, what can clearly be seen that the corolla tube is formed from five petals. The petals are usually purple or pink, rarely white, but never yellow.

The achenes have a pappus resistant, has two rows of scales or bristles.

System

To Tribus Vernonieae Harold Ernest Robinson 1999 include about 100 to 140 genera with about 1300 species. After earlier conception of the genera included 80 % of the species to the genus Vernonia. According to current opinion, only about 20 New World species in the genus certificate asters ( Vernonia s.str. ).

Genera

Here is a list of all 117 genera:

  • Acanthodesmos C.D.Adams & M.C.du Quesnay
  • Acilepidopsis H.Rob.
  • Acilepis D.Don.
  • Adenoon Dalzell
  • Aedesia O.Hoffm.
  • Ageratinastrum MattF.
  • Albertinia Spreng.
  • Ambassa Steetz
  • Anteremanthus H.Rob.
  • Aynia H.Rob.
  • Bechium DC.
  • Bishopalea H.Rob.
  • Blanchetia DC.
  • Bolanosa A.Gray
  • Bothriocline Oliv. ex Benth. With about 30 species in tropical Africa.
  • Brachythrix Wild & Pope
  • Brenandendron H.Rob.
  • Caatinganthus H.Rob.
  • Cabobanthus H.Rob.
  • Camchaya Gagnep.
  • Centauropsis Boii ex DC.
  • Centrapalus Cass.
  • Centratherum Cass.
  • Chronopappus DC.
  • Chresta Vell. ex DC.
  • Critoniopsis Sch.Bip. With about 76 species in the Neotropics. There are shrubs or small trees.
  • Chrysolaena H.Rob. With nine species in South America, mainly in southern Brazil to northern Argentina. There are perennial herbaceous plants.
  • Cololobus H.Rob.
  • Cuatrecasanthus H.Robinson: With only three species in the Andes. There are shrubs.
  • Cyanthillium flower: With only three species that are native to tropical Africa, Madagascar and Asia. Cyanthillium cinereum is a pantropical invasive plant.
  • Cyrtocymura H.Rob.
  • Dasyandantha H.Rob.
  • Dasyanthina H.Rob.
  • Decastylocarpus Humb.
  • Dewildemania O.Hoffm.
  • Diaphractanthus Humb.
  • Dipterocypsela S.F.Blake
  • Distephanus Cass. With 24 species in the Paläotropis.
  • Echinocoryne H.Rob.
  • Eirmocephala H.Rob.
  • Elephantopus L.
  • Ekmania Gleason
  • Eremanthus Less.
  • Erlangea Sch.Bip. With about six species in tropical Africa.
  • Ethulia L. f: With 19 species mainly in tropical Africa but also in tropical Asia.
  • Gorceixia Baker
  • Gutenbergia Sch.Bip. ex Walp.
  • Gymnanthemum Cass.
  • Herderia Cass.
  • Harleya S.F.Blake
  • Hesperomannia A.Gray
  • Heterocoma DC.
  • Heterocypsela H.Rob.
  • Hilliardiella H.Rob.
  • Hololepis DC.
  • Huberopappus Pruski
  • Hystrichophora MattF.
  • Iodocephalis Thorel ex Gagnep.
  • Irwinia G.M.Barroso
  • Joseanthus H.Robinson: With only five species in the Andes. There are shrubs or trees.
  • Kinghamia C.Jeffrey
  • Koyamasia H.Rob.
  • Lachnorhiza A.Rich.
  • Lampropappus ( O.Hoffm. ) H.Rob.
  • Lepidaploa ( Cass. ) Cass. Approximately 116 species in the Neotropics. There are both shrubs than herbaceous species.
  • Lepidonia S.F.Blake
  • Lessingianthus H.Rob.
  • Linzia Sch.Bip. ex Walpers
  • Lychnophora Mart.
  • Lychnophoriopsis Sch.Bip.
  • Manyonia H.Rob.
  • Mattfeldanthus H.Rob. & R.M.King
  • Mesanthophora H.Rob.
  • Minasia H.Rob.
  • Msuata O.Hoffm.
  • Muschleria S.Moore
  • Myanmaria H.Rob.
  • Neurolakis MattF.
  • Oiospermum Less.
  • Oliganthes Cass.
  • Omphalopappus O.Hoffm.
  • Oocephala ( S.B.Jones ) H.Rob.
  • Orbivestus H.Rob.
  • Orthopappus Gleason
  • Quechualia H.Rob.
  • Pacourina Aubl.
  • Paurolepis S.Moore
  • Phyllocephalum flower
  • Piptocarpha R.Br.
  • Piptocoma Cass.
  • Piptolepis Sch.Bip.
  • Pithecoseris Mart. ex DC.
  • Pleurocarpaea Benth.
  • Polydora Fenzl
  • Prestelia Sch.Bip.
  • Proteopsis Mart. & Zucc. ex Sch.Bip.
  • Pseudelephantopus tube
  • Pseudopiptocarpha H.Rob.
  • Rastrophyllum Wild & Pope
  • Rolandra Rottb.
  • Sipolisia Glaz. ex Oliv.
  • Soaresia Sch.Bip.
  • Spiracantha Kunth
  • Stenocephalum Sch.Bip.
  • Stilpnopappus Mart. ex DC.
  • Stokesia L'Her. The only kind: Cornflower Aster ( Stokesia laevis ( Hill ) Greene)

Use

Some species are eaten in Central and West Africa as a leaf vegetable such as Gymnanthemum amygdalinum ( Delile ) Sch. Bip. ex Walp, Syn. Vernonia amygdalina Delile = (bitter spinach, Ndole ). Vernonia arkansana DC., Originating from southern North America, is cultivated in Europe as an ornamental plant.

Swell

  • Theodore M. Barkley, Luc Brouillet & John L. Strother: Asteraceae Flora of North America, Volume 19, p 214: Vernonieae - Online. (Section Description and systematics)

Further Reading

  • Harold Ernest Robinson: The status of generic and subtribal revisions in the Vernonieae in DJN Hind & H. J. Beentje (eds. ): Compositae: Systematics. in Proceedings of the International Compositae Conference, Key, 1994. Volume 1, pp. 511-529. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1996.
  • Harold Ernest Robinson: Generic and subtribal classification of American Vernonieae, In: Smithsonian Contrib. Bot, 89, 1999, pp. 1-116.
Asterids Cichorioideae Henri Cassini Liana Raceme Pappus (flower structure) Stokesia (plant)
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