Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre

Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre ( born February 22, 1895 in Trujillo, Peru; † August 2, 1979 or August 3, 1979 in Lima) was a Peruvian politician who founded the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana and one of the leading figures in the Peruvian 20th -century politics was.

His election as President was prevented twice by the Peruvian military.

Life

Haya de la Torre was born in Trujillo in the north of the country. In 1913 he enrolled at the University of Trujillo to the study of literature, where he met the Peruvian poet César Vallejo, with whom he built a friendship. He then moved to the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos in Lima.

Haya de la Torre was a leading protagonist of the Latin American university reform movement that had gone out of Argentina. Originally, the protest had only directed unable distinguished professors against some, but then expanded rapidly. " In addition to the Chair appointments by competition and on time, the demand for freelance teaching ( ' Cátedra libre ') and participation of students in the self-governing bodies were specific recommendations for changes to inspection procedures and teaching. " Central demands of the movement were the President Leguía in September 1919 met.

1919 was the National Student Congress held in Cuzco. The policy objectives of the students went far beyond the scope of the university and was a move towards national issues seen. All levels of education should primarily be oriented to the situation of their own country.

Already during his student days in Trujillo propagated the idea of ​​Torres ' Universidades Populares ' ( people's universities ). After the takeover of the Presidency of the ' Federacion de Estudiantes de Peru ' he could carry out his plans. The first People's University was inaugurated on 21 January 1921. "The goal of this company was to the culture and knowledge of the national universities, which were frozen in their traditional and plutocratic structure to make the subclasses available. "

A second Universidad Popular was founded in Arbeiterort Vitarte. The establishment of the Volksunversitäten was an important crossroads.

" 1 With the ' Universidades Populares ' overcomes the reform movement their university boundaries and established itself as a political force. At the same time, this results in the student body involved in a massive turning to the Peruvian reality. The work-up of these experiences will determine their political consciousness in the subsequent period.

2 The non-academic impact of young academics is in the institutional context of the ' Universidades Populares ' a connection with the labor movement a. Student activists and industrial workers thus form the nucleus that will later form the mass base of the APRA. "

Exile and return to Peru

1923 had Haya de la Torre go under the government of Augusto B. Leguía into exile. On May 7, 1924, he founded in Mexico City, APRA and the pan- Latin American movement of the " Aprismo ". 1928 a failed attempt to return from Panama to Peru, and he was expelled by ship to Bremen.

In 1931 he returned to Peru to stand in the presidential elections. In the same year he was arrested and had to spend 15 months in prison. His party was banned until 1934 and again from 1935 to 1945. In 1945 José Luis Bustamante y Rivero, with the support of the APRA President. In 1948 some party dissidents in Callao committed an uprising, the party was, however, banned again. In November of the same year Manuel A. Odría seized power and Haya de la Torre was forced to look in the Colombian embassy in Lima asylum.

Haya de la Torre was able to return to Peru in 1954 and his party was permitted again in 1956. However, he lived until 1962, mostly abroad. In 1962 he ran again for the presidency and won the election by a narrow margin, but missed what is necessary to dial -thirds of the votes. A military junta seized power and canceled the elections. In the election in 1963 he was defeated by Fernando Belaúnde Terry. His party remained popular.

1979 Haya became president of the Constituent Assembly. He signed the new constitution on 12 July at the deathbed.

Political ideas

Haya de la Torre advocated a system of Latin American (or, as he preferred said, " Indo- American " ) solutions for Latin American problems. He called on the region to combat both the " U.S. imperialism " and Soviet communism. He was for universal democracy, equal rights for indigenous peoples and for a socialist economic policies, including an agrarian reform with collective land ownership and state control of the industry.

In addition, he wanted to fight the oligarchy of landowners who had Peru since the days of Spanish colonial rule dominates ( Viceroyalty of Peru), and set a socialist-oriented elite in their place. However, he was looking for in return for the re-registration of his party, the proximity to the conservative political spectrum, which he had thrown in the 50s most of his progressive socialist ideals overboard. In addition, Haya de la Torre led dominance within the APRA to a firmly established autocratic hierarchy system within the APRA, causing some of the most important political talents by APRA to the Marxist Left migrated.

Quote

¡ Ni con Washington ni con Moscú! ( Neither Washington nor Moscow with! )