Vivisection

A vivisection (Latin: vivus "alive" and sectio " cutting ", " cutting " ) is a surgical procedure on a living animal ( for research purposes ), formerly also on living people - as opposed to necropsy. The vivisection is conducted for testing methods of operation - even for teaching purposes - and is nowadays usually under anesthesia or at least under local anesthesia. Vivisection are controversial for reasons of animal welfare; they can usually be carried out under conditions imposed by the Animal Welfare Act.

The term " vivisection " was well into the second half of the 20th century - both by scientists, but especially of Vivisektionsgegnern - colloquially used for all non-therapeutic procedures on live animals. Accordingly, the original Latin meaning of the term " vivisection " experienced an expansion in the course of time and prevailed in dictionaries as a synonym for all types of animal experimentation:

• " Vivisection: The word refers to any form of animal testing, whether the animals are now being dissected or not. " ( Encyclopaedia Americana )

• " Vivisection: In general, any kind of animal testing, especially when they the subject is painful. " ( Merriam- Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary)

• " Vivisection. Intervention on live animals for scientific experimental purposes " ( Duden )

By the end of the 20th century, the term " vivisection " was largely supplanted by the term " animals" as a basic term for the experimental use of live animals in pharmacology, physiology, and other disciplines.

In Britain and France in the late 19th century the resistance against the method, such as Marie -Françoise Bernard, the wife of the physiologist Claude Bernard and by Étienne Pariset, the founder of the Société des animaux organized protect rice.

The term is also used figuratively to denote an object of study towards a disrespectful or dangerous procedure.

In National Socialism and a vivisection were performed without anesthesia on concentration camp inmates. Vivisection of animals, however, were strictly forbidden by the kingdom Animal Welfare Act. Even on the Japanese side vivisection were carried out on humans, especially in the enormous extent of the unit during the Second World War 731