Vulgar Latin
With Vulgar Latin spoken Latin is, as distinct from literary Latin. The name comes from the Latin adjective vulgaris ( " belonging to the people, in common " ) return ( sermo vulgaris " popular language "). From the more modern terms " speaking Latin " or " Vulgar Latin " but it is clear that that's not necessarily a lower form of language is meant. Even the educated spoke Vulgar Latin. The Vulgar Latin is not simply equated with " late " Latin and understood as historical language level, as it is attested as a variety of Latin in the early comedies of Plautus and Terence, and thus spoken of an early, already incipient in old Latin term separation from and assumed -written Latin is, which was later absorbed by the speech habits Latinized Celts and Germans still further and the early Middle Ages eventually led to the formation of the Romance languages .
- 5.1 The loss of cases
- 5.2 loss of the neuter
- 5.3 Adverbs
- 5.4 verbs 5.4.1 development
- 5.4.2 conjugation 5.4.2.1 amare
- 5.4.2.2 eat
Opening up of the spoken Latin
Since there can be no voice recordings of old-time, spoken Latin must be developed; serve the following sources:
- Written and onomastic tradition of the early Romance languages from their development can be discovered through reconstruction as the Speech Latin, from which they are derived, was originally spoken;
- Information classical authors to the spoken Latin as in Cicero's De oratore (, About the speaker ') or (later) information in Latin grammarians, for example, Appendix Probi;
- Typo in inscriptions or graffiti (such as in Pompeii ) and on - at least fragmentary - preserved original papyri, such as " HEC PVGNABET CONTRA Orsom ... " instead of " HIC PVGNABIT CONTRA VRSVM ... " ( 'Here is ... fight against a bear ')
- Standard deviations obtained in private correspondence, such as letters of Cicero Atticus;
- Literary works, to be aware of in which spoken Latin reproduced; than those referred to comedies about the picaresque novel Satyricon of Titus Petronius Arbiter;
- Christian texts, avoid the literary and grammatical elegance as an expression of worldly vanity and instead are looking for a " stilus humilis " and close to the spoken Latin, such as the Vulgate of Jerome;
- Borrowings from the spoken Latin into other languages , such as emperor Caesar (opposite the pronunciation later neuentlehntem Caesar or the Bulgarian / Russian rulers title Czar of the same origin ), or transcriptions in another alphabet, " Kikero [n ] " in Greek for Cicero;
- Glosses requires explanation now classical - Latin words or word forms;
- The prosody ( Latin metrics) shows that, for example anlautendes h or m auslautendes were hardly spoken.
The development of spoken Latin depends on the possibility to describe the occupied such sources in individual phenomena from the viewpoint of their Lautgesetzlichkeit the basis of rules and to explain another language speaking influences as well as extra-linguistic ( historical, social and geographical ) factors under consideration.
Vulgar Latin in linguistics
" Vulgar Latin " can in linguistics as the context may have different meanings:
The deviating from the classical language innovations in late Latin texts ( n from the 2nd century BC ) can result from vulgar Latin influence. From a linguistic point of view, however, the term Vulgar Latin can not be limited to such innovations as the spoken Latin has indeed already exists in earlier times alongside the written and just submitted the best sources of Vulgar Latin ( comedies of Plautus, Terence ) from pre-classical period.
In old Latin time the difference between speaking and writing Latin is still comparatively small. In classical times, since the 3rd century BC, it will be through the normalization of the Latin writing under the influence of the Greek - mediated by Greek language and rhetoric teachers in Rome and by the imitation of Greek literature - amplified. With the growth and the decay ( n from the 3rd century AD) the Roman Empire and the emergence of the Celtic and Germanic upper classes intensified this development, in the Latinized population to irreversible bilingualism - speaking Latin as a mother tongue or first language compared to Latin scripture as secondary acquired traffic, official and literary language and the language of worship - and thus leads to the formation of an independent Romance languages from the regionally diversified speaking Latin. The key transitions in this development are first for northern France, and indeed documented for bilingualism, at the latest by the Council of Tours (813 ) and for the independence of Romansh by the Oaths of Strasbourg ( 842 ).
The first scientific definition of Vulgar Latin was made by the Romanists Friedrich Diez.
Phonology
Vowels
Thus, the classical Latin distinction between long and short vowels disappeared (quantity collapse). Because of this change, the emphasis on stressed syllables was much more pronounced than in classical Latin.
As a result, the vowels have already been developed further by region.
Vocabulary
Some of the words that were lost in the Romanesque, were later included as Latin foreign words again. The vocabulary changes were also important as particles at, at, autem, Donec, enim, ergo, etiam, haud, igitur, ita, nam, POSTQUAM, quidem, quin, quoque, sed, UTRUM, and vel.
Every now and then you will find Latin foreign words in Romance languages that coexist with their naturally evolved forms. For example, the vulgar Latin fungus was to hongo in Spanish, with the usual Spanish for transformation from f to h addition, there are fungo, which was acquired new from the Latin in the Middle Ages.
Grammar
The loss of cases
Since the sound changes could result in Vulgar Latin to misunderstandings in the cases, it was from a synthetic to an analytic language in which the sentence structure is a necessary element of the syntax, as a vulgar Latin declension alone was not to understand. The functions of case endings now took prepositions such as de (from) or ad ( to ), so you only need one case ( an exception in this regard is the Romanian ). This development, however, rather the nouns were affected, the pronouns often retained their independent forms in ( for example, the ablative was mecum with me in Spanish to conmigo ).
The plural form changed. In Portuguese, Spanish, Sardinian and French, the singular from the plural with -s distinction was made at the end, as in the accusative plural in classical Latin. Neuter masculine, feminine -e, -a: In Italian and Romanian Latin plural formation was retained -i. However, it should be noted that even in classical Latin a plural formation takes place with -s, namely in all declensions except the A and O declination. Thus, the plural is in classical Latin of words such as " frater " ( consonantal declension ) " Fratres " and not " fratri ".
Loss of the neuter
Since the neuter was distinguished by phonetic developments usually only in the nominative and accusative plural of masculine ( cf. n nova, m. Novi the new ), it disappeared and went over to the masculine.
In Italian, the remains of the Latin neuter have received. Forms such as l' uovo fresco ( fresh egg) / le uova fresche ( fresh eggs ) suggests the intuition as a masculine " uovo " with an irregular plural. The other view describes " uovo " as a regular noun in the neuter. (< Ovum, plural ova ).
Also, the Spanish still has remnants of a neuter. Although Abstract -derived nouns from adjectives inflect as masculine, but require instead of the masculine article el neutral products lo:
- Lo bueno = good.
Except in Romanian, there are other major Romance languages no neuter nouns in more, but all still have pronouns in the neuter. French: celui -ci, celle -ci, ceci; Spanish: Este, ESTA, esto ( " this" ); Italian: gli, le, ci ( " him ", " her ", " him "); Catalan: el, la, ho ( " him ", "she ", " it "); Portuguese: todo, toda, tudo (. "Everything" m "everything" f "everything" n ).
Adverbs
The classical Latin had different suffixes to form adverbs from adjectives: carus, " dear, dear ," was to care; acriter, " sharp ", from acer; crebro, "often", from Creber. All of these forms were in Vulgar Latin and were lost by an ablative elements and the form, the ablative of mens, replaced, " in the sense ... " "meant to ... style / way ". Thus velox ( "fast" ) instead of Velociter to veloce elements ( " the quick sense ," " a quick way / manner ", see engl. " In a way ... / sense" ) This change was already in the instead of the first century before Christ and be found for example in Catullus:
Verbs
Development
Some daughter languages, such as Old French, developed by the sound shifts new grammatical distinctions. For example, it was in Latin amo, amámus, (I love, we love ); because a stressed A was on Old French into a diphthong, one conjugated j'aime ( "I love " ) but nous Amon ("we love" ) ( modern French: nous aimons ). Many of these " strong" verbs now have unified forms, but some kept the diphthongization: the viens ( "I am " ) but nous venons ("we come ").
The future tense was originally expressed in the Romance languages via auxiliary verbs. That was why the case because / b / between vowels / a / was, the future tense " amabit " was the perfect " amavit " no longer distinguishable. A new Futur was developed originally with the auxiliary habere: * amare habeo, literally " I love ". As can be seen from the following examples was from habeo a Futursuffix:
- French: j'aimerai (depending aimer ai) < aimer [" love" ] j'ai [ "I " ].
- Spanish: Amaré ( amar [ h] e) < amar [" love" ] yo hey [ "I " ].
- Italian: Amero ( amar [ h] o) < amare [" love" ] io ho [ "I " ].
The future tense in the Sardinian language is further formed with app'a ( appo a) ( lat.habeo ) infinitive.
Conjugation
A comparison of classical Latin, Vulgar Latin and four Romance languages in the conjugation of the regular verb " amare " and the auxiliary verb " eat ":