Yem language
Spoken in
- Afro-Asiatic Omotisch Nordomotisch Gonga - Gimojan Gimojan
Yem ( proper name Yemsa, also known as Janjero ) is a omotische language that is spoken in southern Ethiopia. It is attributed to the Gimojan branch of Nordomotischen. The number of speakers is not secured, the estimates range from a few thousand to a number of 500,000. As Yem in terms of ethnicity 2007 160.447 persons were enumerated on the census in Ethiopia. The Yem is so far described only in essential features, the present linguistic representations also differ in many ways from each other.
Within the Yem can distinguish a normal, a noble and a royal sociolect; their vocabulary differs in the range of body parts, weapons, clothing and with verbs of motion and function of the human body. By political affiliation to Ethiopia, the Amharic vocabulary a significant influence on, an example of which is tamara "learn" - Amharic təmarə.
Phonology
How omotische and beyond aufroasiatische languages typically, has the Yem about voiceless, voiced and glottalized consonants; most consonants can also geminiert occur. There were five vowel phonemes ( / a /, / e /, / i /, / o /, / u / ) in two distinctive quantities; also a medium, a high and a low tone to distinguish which, if known to be, in the following with an acute care for the high range and a Gravis called for the bass. The sounds are mainly from a morphological meaning, they rarely serve to distinguish two lexemes.
Morphology
Pronouns form separate forms for singular and plural, with the genera masculine and feminine are distinguished in the singular in the 2nd and 3rd person by tone changes. By change of tone and suffixes or postpositions is further nine case can be formed: tá " I ", tà " my " Taan " me " Taak " me " táaki "to me ", táassì " in me", táakìn " of me away, " táanèen " with me. " Even with the nouns which genera are distinguished by tone changes; the plural is not marked consistently. The determination is indicated by a suffix -s, case are marked by suffixes or postpositions.
In the Verbalkonjugation, different modes differ, which are usually formed periphrastically, only the indicative forms various tenses. Synthetic conjugated forms have the following structure (abstract data according to Girma (quoted by Bender) and Lamberti ):
- Verbal stem
- Plural marker -s ( e) - ( only 3rd person and 2nd person polite, according to Girma also 2nd person masculine and feminine )
- Tense marker: Perfect: ∅ / i
- Habitativ / Futur: f
- Duratives present: dif
- Future tense: a / u / ∅
- Present: a
- Genus: 1st person: unmarked
- 3 and (only after Girma ) 2nd person: masculine: tweeter, feminine: bass
- á / à / ∅: Futur ( Lamberti )
- R: present
- Morpheme wa: emphasis ( as Lamberti )
- Interrogative suffix -o,- oso, - (a ) ro
The negation is marked by ane (Perfect ), atta ( present tense), afa ... za ( Futur ) - ta ( imperative / jussive ). The perfect and other tenses have their own negative Personalaffixe. The following table lists the Personalaffixe the negative perfect tense after Lamberti on:
A number of other tenses or modes is analytically formed with auxiliary verbs. Verbal nouns are derived by different suffixes. Besides that, certain suffixes and verbs with modified meaning derived, for example, passive and reflexive verbs with -t: Suk "sacrifice" - " will be sacrificed " Suk- t.
Syntax
In the SOV word order seems to prevail:
As a copula function in affimativen sets wa, te in negative sentences, r in decision-making issues and factual issues ba, all of which are suffixed to the predicate noun:
- Bar man asu wa - he - bad - man - is " he is a bad man "
- Ta Man I Asu - te - bad - man - not 'm " I 'm not a bad man "
- Am- ba " what is it? "
- Miní Sabo maʔa -r cow - milk - well - is? " The milk of the cow is good? "
Verbal and nominal phrases can be the focus particles wa, (m) ba / (m ), tu be focused:
- Yee- wa " He has come"
- Oo- m- bé Yee "Who has come? "
- Né tù yeer "You come. "