Yeniche language
Spoken in
- Indo-European Germanic West - Germanic high German Jenischhaus
-
Mis
Yec
Jenischhaus is a variety of the German language, linguistically a special language of " moving " population groups or their stationary descendants.
- 5.1 New trends
- 5.2 Speaker of Jenischen today
- 5.3 Jenische literature
- 6.1 Examples of phrases
- 6.2 Dealing German and Jenischhaus
- 8.1 Local / regional folkloric literature
- 8.2 Historical Literature / their evaluation
- 8.3 Linguistic Literature
Language name
Linguists derive consistent, although not entirely without reservation, the group name jenisch and the language name "know" Jenischhaus from the Romany language of džan (Wolf ) or dzin ( Matras ) for from. In the semantic content Jenischhaus corresponds with the adjacent, from Yiddish borrowed Kochem ( " clever "), which also without clear delineation as the language name and description for the speaker groups ( Kochemer ) will be used. Unlike Rotwelsch are Jenischhaus and Kochem self- designations.
Linguistic characteristics
The special character of " Jenischen " results from a semantically different narrow part of the German word elements, including numerous borrowings from other languages . The main word elements, grammar, syntax and phonetics are those of the surrounding majority language in the rest (eg German, French ). The different lexicon follows the formation of new compound words, affixes, permutation, and the formation of metonyms of the German system of word formation. Characteristic for Jenische are reinterpretations common language known words with meaning transfer and shift in meaning. Because the standalone word stock is limited, the design possibilities are limited.
The historic Jenischhaus is occupied by a series of glossaries, whose contents were collected mainly from a regulatory and security police, judicial and prosecution -oriented interest and interrogated under repressive conditions. As far as younger lists still do not defend this view, but at least they are also usually closely clipping bounds.
Jenischhaus is a spoken language variety. To what extent it is still spoken today in addition to the majority society default language except in some niches about relics with only situational use also is unknown, so that a statement on the number of speakers can not meet.
Contact languages and related special languages
Regional dialects of Jenischen in Austria, Switzerland, Germany, the Benelux countries and France have on different close contacts between Jenischen, Jews and Roma close because they contain to varying extent borrowings and adaptations from the Yiddish and Romany. Romanismen from French and Italian show contacts with speakers of these languages also. Many Jenische words and phrases have entered the German everyday language.
In German linguistics Jenischhaus is classified as a variant or part of Rotwelschen. Therefore, and because of similarities in vocabulary and language use, there are different interpretations as to which other local or regional languages , which in some cases from other language names like " Kochum " (eg Hundeshagen in the calibration field ), " Masematte " (Münster in Westphalia ), " manic " (eg casting ), " Lakerschmus " ( Weimerskirch in Luxembourg ) or Pleisle ( Killertal ) are known, are attributable to the Jenischen and / or the argot. Word stocks and groups of speakers of local and regional Jenischhaus variants are prized of linguistics in their genesis as according to the social assignment as not congruent. Heavy falls linguists distinguish from the argot. Secured it can be said that the language name Rotwelsch is older, is a foreign label and is not used as a group name. It is clear that the dividing line drawn against the Romany as an independent in every respect the Roma language.
Linguistic history
The first evidence
The first evidence for the Jenische language can be found in the Basel Betrügnissen of 1450, where a word list of generally designated Roth Welsch reflects the language that coincides with the still spoken today Jenischhaus. Another former source is the Liber Vagantorum of 1510, where in addition to typical Jenische words, a whole series of trades of Travellers, the traditional Jenische Commercial Kessler, Spengler, scissors grinder, fairground etc. listed. A later document of the eight words, as they say, " Jenische language " exists as a copy of two transcripts from the mid-19th century for the year 1714 ( Wise ). Thus, it had been fraudulent Vienna " waiter " who would have moved to "a certain speech - Arth ", " what they call the Jenische language. " This extract contains no evidence that it "travelers " are that ( also ) so speak. It describes the language as a medium of breach of law and the speaker as delinquent. A second mention is found in a " thief List" of 1716. It relates spatially Swabians, who are listed as " robber, thief, chisel - cutter and other Jauners - lad " categorized. It is assigned to them a greater number of rotwelschen words. When a word is specified, it is the " Jenische language " removed.
It was not until 1791 can be found then a third document in the title of a word list, namely to " Jauner and Jenischen language". Questionable are the conditions of origin of the glossary. Author was the so-called Constance John, shoemaker 's son and leader of a " gang of thieves ". He made his statements as proof of his "true repentance " in custody and before his execution, he hoped to avert. As spokesperson for the " Yenish " he calls " Jauner " which he describes as criminals.
With the 1793 released " demolition of Jauner and begging being in Swabia " the pastor and orphanage director Johann Ulrich Scholl then there is a first text in which the term " Jenischhaus " is used throughout as the language name. Scholl also borders on a spatially Swabia. He uses the word for the first time citing the same time as a proper name of the speaker. Schoell categorized socio-cultural and criminology. He distinguishes two groups: beggars and Jauner that " in addition to the national language ," the Jenische calls. The speakers called themselves " in their society language Jeni, ie people who have nowhere no establishment; such as in the Canzley and vernacular names of vagrants or vagabonds and tramps lead ". An ethnic - cultural moment is clearly associated in the characterization of the speaker than by similarities in their " way of life, their customs and other circumstances " with each other.
For the fulfillment of history
Overall it can be said that the term is much younger than the competing " slang ". Since its first appearance in the early 18th century, it remains a rarity for at least a century. It is defined socially and criminology, not ethnically at least this period especially. Still, the 1877 appears tenth volume of Grimm's dictionary representing that describe mode, if the lemma " jenisch " the word of " argot " or a spoken in Swabia " rogues language" maps.
The perception of history Jenischen is an essential part of its history. It is about the perception of a minority not written by a written majority society, which has influential media whose writing viewer " formed " and most officials in the judiciary and other organs of "good policey " are.
At the beginning of the reception of the Rotwelschen and then the Jenischen their stigmatization as a rogue state and a secret languages. This language understanding corresponded with the criminalization of the speaker. It remained dominant until the recent time. The current conducted by regulatory and judicial interests of views mainly tracking instances made this a feature that can be of any language, which is to hide the communication over non -speakers, the main feature. He neglected so important especially for socially excluded groups of mixed social, regional and linguistic backgrounds, identity-building and inclusive, the cohesion -promoting meaning completely.
With the advent of a folkloristic interest in regional history since about the end of the 19th century, a new interest mingled with reception. Efforts were made to the substance " native " wrest originality, his idealized object and used it as a prop for the representation of a premodern intact homeworld.
The historical Jenischhaus spokesman
Historically than " Jenischhaus " designated language variants (like the competing denominations) when time runs out in about the first occurrence of the term emerged in a speaker population that was heterogeneous according to landscape and social origin in themselves and their composition fluctuated. Was the essential commonality of their relatives whose origin from the under - and außerständischen layers of early modern poverty society.
The magistrate label of " homeless rabble " was due to the fact that this segment of the population was legally through a nationwide state Eviction, accommodation and toleration ban economically only outpatient practicable niche activities and socially marginalized by the stigma of the potential offender. The often generations of exclusion of groups of families organized in stationary subjects associations mainstream society has favored the emergence of approaches a separate ethnicity and the formation of its own collective self- understanding on the majority of margins of society and at the same time at a distance from the closed to the outside groups, the Roma and the vagrant Jews. This may have had an important role in the language.
By locally with scattered sovereign branch offers to generally with reforming the right of establishment and next, by the reason of "wild " settlements offered opportunities in the 18th century, the mid-19th century to abandon the vagrant lifestyle and to stabilize the living situation domiciliation, were "travelers " of different provenance temporarily or permanently fixed. In their settlements on the edge or off the existing villages the inhabitants remained but socially continue to be marginalized. The constant contact in these places of established groups of speakers of different ethnic and linguistic backgrounds, and the task of the closed marriage pattern is likely to be an explanation for the borrowings from other languages in addition to the more volatile Jenischen contacts on the "journey".
Current Situation
New Trends
Since new is available in two social contexts an effort to perceive Jenischhaus avoiding of traditional Negativkonnotationen Firstly scientifically in speech research and the other in the minority itself here wants to constitute itself as an ethnic minority in the political space and perceived as such. Switzerland shall recognize since its signing of the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages Yenish as a minority language. Speaker Yenish clubs try in this context, the Jenische to create a clearer profile, to outline, to delineate it from adjacent language varieties to explain its origin and shall be included him a new origin myth ( " Celtic Roots ").
What is still largely missing is the "normalization" of the view of a perceived as exotic phenomenon: By including social history, migration history or identity- historical perspectives.
Speaker of Jenischen today
Scattered over Central and Western Europe are quoted today as people Jeni. Not their social position or their profession, not their reality of life as propelled or sedentary and not necessarily a Jenische language skills, but kinship and family history ties, historical and cultural content, where they form the core Jenische self-understanding, where such is still represented aware.
The Speaker of the Jenische idiom form a total no distinguishable from the majority population closed group. The traditional economic activities as peddlers, tinkers, scissors grinder or brush makers have now disappeared. Altstoffverwertung in the form of scrap and Altwarenhandels, feeding of flea markets, showmanship, artists work there still. Modern forms of traditional professions such as Antiques and vehicle commercial, industrial branches, which also allow stationary living Jenischen a closer connection to their cultural milieu. How many more " travelers " are or stationary live and exercise civic professions, is unknown. Where a traditional way of life still corresponds to the majority of society Gypsy stereotype, they may be confused with Sinti or Roma. As far as families and individuals are not bicultural, but there are no ethnic community.
Local ( for example, in Leinzell, casting or Loos village) Jenischhaus is still learned by young people taking up individual words Yenish in the language of young people. In other places, such as in the Württemberg Pfedelbach one tries to update the Jenische language residues.
On pilgrimages and festivals, such as the Feckerchilbi in Gersau ( Switzerland ), meet fixed, temporary fixed or not fixed living Jeni. These meetings are important places of language maintenance, language preservation and Jenische communication about family and country borders.
Jeni literature
Since Jenischhaus is not suitable because of its limited opportunities for viewing of extensive and complex issues, there is little opportunity forms of literature, no Jenische non-fiction or fiction. Writer with jenischem self- publish in the language of the majority society in which they grew up. Published in Germany Engelbert Wittich (1878-1937) poems and songs on Jenischhaus. The Austrian Jenische Romed Mungenast (1953-2006) published in German and Jenischhaus short texts and poems.
Samples
Examples of phrases
With interlinear translation ( Swiss Jenischhaus ):
German and handling Jenischhaus
A - very artificial - Compilation of example words from the argot / Jenischen that went into the majority society colloquial language:
"If a saucy or nastier bloke traipsing to the pub, there babbling about the acid -cucumber - time and complained about his drudgery. If he then still a bull to Moss anhaut, the very savvy just abgrast his neighborhood and is quite the bucket, because he has a kid on booze, the Feez is over. Of course, it rips when you ... the Pathfinder charred in the penne or pooft in jail. "
( Angelika Kopečný, travelers and vagabonds. Their history, survival skills, signs and streets, Berlin [ West ] 1980, p 173f. )