Yörüks

Yörük ( Turkish, pl Yörükler or Yürükler, self- designation: . Yörüglää, the German Yörüken, Yörücken, Yürücken or Jürücken ) the members of a group of oghusisch - Turkish tribes or the tribes called themselves, who today live mainly in southern Anatolia and Hanafi Sunnis are.

Ethnogenesis

Most ancestors of Yörük are probably immigrated together with their relatives the Oghuz Rum Seljuk Turks from the 11th century to Anatolia. Even in the wake of the Mongol thrust in the 13th century, many Yörük were added. They were nomadic cattle and served the Turkish emirs and sultans preferred warrior to conquer and conquest of Anatolia, of Rumelia and the Balkans. The name Yörük appeared in writing in the 14th century as an administrative terminus of the Ottomans. The Ottoman ruling class led their roots back to the belonging to the tribe of Yörük Kayı. Their military significance lost to the Ottoman Janissaries Yörük soon ( yeni ceri, " new troops "). Your designated as yörüklük life as a cattle nomads they retained over the centuries. But even under the Ottomans they were partially forced to become sedentary.

At the height of the Ottoman power development in the 16th century were Yörük with the Ottoman troops in the entire Ottoman Empire, in the west to southeastern Europe and the eastern Central Europe, arrives. Even after the territorial losses of the Ottoman Empire remained individual strains of Yörük there. So Yörük dialects were spoken, for example, even in 1986 in 65 municipalities in Macedonia.

During the 17th century, the Yörük in small local and kinship groups began to organize. The Ottoman government admitted them to the right to collect overdue taxes themselves and to recruit young Yörük. It originated administrative units, which led to the formation of solid tribal units ( cemaat ) and tribal identities. In 1830 the previously subject to constant change in their composition strains were established as aşiret. The individual Yörük were registered until the middle of the 20th century to the registration offices under their tribal affiliation. Also, they had to accept 1934 Civil surname ( family name law ).

Today, most Yörük have settled in villages and cities and go after different professions. Some are part of nomads who operate only in the summer of their high pastures ( yayla ), only a very few year round living in tents. Everyone, including the fully nomadic, must be registered in a village or in a city nowadays. They are neither covered under their tribal names or as Yörük.

Some Yörük tribes that still today are well known in Turkey: Aksığırlı, Avsarlar, Aydınlı, Çakallar, Gaçar, Güzelbeyli, Honamlı, Karaevli, Karakoyunlu, Karakayalı, Karakecili, Sari AGALI, Sarıhacılı, Sarıkeçili, Sarıtekeli and Tekeli.

Origin of the name Yörük

The term Yörük / Yürük (Eng. " A person who moves around, wanders" ) is often on the Turkish yürümek, (in their own language yörümek ) (Eng. " move around, marching, walking, hiking " ) returned and could therefore with the at least originally nomadic lifestyle related. Kurdish nomads not refer to themselves as though Yörük. For nomads, there is also a Turkish general designation göçebe or Göçmen (of göç, German " emigration, migration "). Yörük, great written logically as the name of a tribal group in Turkish, therefore, would be more of an ethnic name in the sense of a cultural community as the designation of people with a nomadic life and cattle farming. This view is most Yörük itself

Settlements of nomadic Yörük

Last Yörük live vollnomadisch, and the number is growing steadily in the course of modernization. Your summer grazing areas are located mainly in the mountains and plateaus between Konya and Antalya, Kayseri and Kahramanmaras, Gaziantep and Hatay. The winter grazing areas are generally in the lowlands along the Mediterranean coast. Merely to Konya find vollnomadische Yörük even in winter.

Yörük identity

The awareness of being Yörük and be the yörüklük obliged to share vollnomadische, semi-nomadic and sedentary Yörük each other; yörüklük here means for them in not only the Wandernomadentum, but the entirety of their culture and their way of life in the patriarchal family and tribal federation, which remains dominant, even if the Yörük have become sedentary. The Yörük see themselves due to their yörüklük Although unclear as ethnic unity, for their self- understanding but the family ( aile ), the relationship Federation ( sülâle ), the tent community ( oba ), the tent group ( kabile ) and with restrictions on the strain ( aşiret ) of greater importance.

Many Turks see the Yörük viewed from outside a last remnant of the Oghuz Turkish identity and worship them as "real Turks" ( öz Türkler ). There are also Turks, who themselves see themselves as Yörük and identify with them, without belonging to the Yörük strains. Social Romantic the Yörük is attributed to an original, free life without state constraints. A differentiated examination of the yörüklük tried the " first yörük - Turcoman congress in Ankara on 8 - 9th January 2005 " (in Turkish first Yörük Türkmen Kurultayı ).

Life and economy

In earlier centuries changed Yörük individual groups and tribes of their life and economy. Most were semi-nomadic and sedentary finally from fully nomadic. However, there are examples showing that sedentary have again adopted a nomadic way of life, or there has been a long-term or short-term change between full and Halbnomadentum. Today the trend is accelerated to a final settled life.

Fully nomadic

The original walking the cattle Yörük, one must always be seen in connection with farming. The full nomad is in trade connections with the farmers, because the fully nomadic Yörük as their main food cereal products. Dairy products and meat, wool and made ​​of wool fabrics such as carpets are largely intended for trade.

The migrations of Yörük are determined by the seasons. The summer will be spent on the yayla called summer pastures in the highlands and mountains, the winter in the winter pastures ( Kislak ) of the lowlands and the lower elevations of the adjacent mountains. All year, ie during the walks and also in the pastures that dwell in tents Yörük. Soon after the migration to Anatolia exchanged the Yörük their felt yurts against today's standard lighter black tents made ​​of goat hair, the style comes from the Arab region.

Sheep and goats are the herds of cattle. Camels, horses, and donkeys were formerly used for transportation. Nowadays they are usually replaced by lorries, wagons and tractors. With the dromedaries Yörük also took on a wide range of caravans - distance trade, such as with the salt of Lake Tuz. Tourist Visits in nomad tent with entertainment, folkloric performances and sale of carpets better on the household budget. A major merit of the Yörük is the sale of sheep and goats, preferably for Islamic holidays, such as Kurban Bayramı, the feast of sacrifice to commemorate Abraham's sacrifice.

In previous centuries, the barter dominated. Especially the introduction of lease fees for the lease free in Ottoman times and more accessible grazing areas forced the Yörük for money economy move. Often enough it led to their impoverishment. Not only in the winter grazing areas, but also on the yayla are due to the expansion of agriculture, the development with settlements and roads, as well as reforestation less and less land for grazing available. The result of this economic development is a kind of sideline Vollnomadismus.

Semi-nomadic

Even in the vollnomadisierenden Yörük the tent in the main pasture areas was sometimes replaced by simple, solid stone houses. In the semi-nomadic permanent homes became the rule in the winter grazing areas. If a part of the family in winter pasture area during the summer, here agriculture is operated.

Sedentary

The classic work of sedentary Yörük as the successor of nomadism is agriculture and the dairy industry. Particularly in the coastal areas of the Mediterranean and in the basins of the Mediterranean flowing from the Taurus rivers take the Yörük share of vehement conversion of peasant subsistence economy to a specialized commercial cultivation for the domestic and international market.

Meanwhile, the descendants of the Yörük can be found in all professions and employment sectors. Mostly, they nevertheless still identify with the yörüklük their ancestors.

Language

The Yörük speak an ancient form of Turkish. Their dialects are almost entirely free of Arabic and Persian loan-words and reflect the traditional life as a cattle nomads resist. The Yörük to Old Turkish words, phrases and grammatical forms have received that are used in today's everyday language of the Turkish population mostly not (any longer ), but well known (see, in German the term woman who almost only in dialect use place). Often, however, differs only the pronunciation of Yörükischen from that of the high Turkish. The yörükische dialect sounds to the Speaker of the Turkish high often funny or weird. Comparable which is about as high between Bavarian and German.

Music

The progressive acculturation of Yörük in the villages and cities and the nomadic Yörük has led to their particular culture and thus their ureigne music more and more are displaced. The Turkish pop music sounds like now, of course, in the nomadic tents, have found their way into the long- TV and CD player. But at celebrations like weddings or circumcision feast one's own music Yörük can still claim.

The Yörük brought together with other Oghuz Turkic tribes, the element of sound Lichen in the music of Asia Minor and the Near East area, which brought a whole new element into the mainly Persian and Arab -dominated music: This is especially evident in the most bordunartigen polyphony, with the the linear, monophonic melody is enriched. This polyphony can be achieved especially on mehrsaitigen Chordophonen.

Called The long-necked kabak - Kemane and the short-necked kemen, because of their style of play also Tirňák kemençesi ( " fingernail Kemençe " ), are suitable because of their at least two, usually three, often four strings ideal for the execution of drones. This also applies to the much-used, provided with movable frets long- necked lutes of various sizes called baglama (of bağlamak, dt " bind " ) usually simplistic saz.

No drones, the bagpipe tulum (Eng. " bag of a sheep or Ziegenbalg "). It has two chanters, which allow a true two voices. As a typical shepherd's instrument applies the open, hard -to-play longitudinal flute kaval.

Especially danced Kırık hava, very rhythmic songs with a narrow range, need support from percussion instruments. There is a prevailing popular throughout Turkey davul big drum, often in a duo with the zurna, an oboe instrument. These instruments use the Aşık called folk singers of the Alevi Abdal itinerant musicians. Some researchers assume that was davul been especially used due to their impressive sound in pre-Islamic healings of various Turkic tribes. For the Yörük their use in funeral ceremonies and the Lamentations Agit mentioned is attested. Osman I brought the davul as a royal symbol in the Turkish flag and a standard.

Other percussion instruments are struck together wooden spoon ( Kaşık ), the frame drum and def mentioned under different names goblet drums.

People with the first name Yörük

• Yener Yörük, professor of medicine for Thoracic Surgery and Rector of Trakya Üniversitesi Edirne