Zanthoxylum

Zanthoxylum kauaense

Zanthoxylum is a genus of flowering plants of the rue family ( Rutaceae ). The direct translation of Zanthoxylum is yellow timber, greek xanthos ξανθός for yellow and xylon ξύλον for wood, but several plant species of different genera are so named, he describes one of the characteristics, the color of the wood and that some species have been used to yellowing. Many more species are called Szechuan pepper, they provide pungent spices that are not related with the black, green and white pepper ( Piper nigrum) but with the citrus plants (Citrus ). The name Szechuan pepper is derived from the central Chinese province of Sichuan on, there are some of the native species and are used in the kitchen; as in the province of different spellings such as Sichuan, Sichuan or Szetschuanpfeffer are common.

  • 6.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

Zanthoxylum species grow as evergreen or deciduous, climbing or erect shrubs or trees, often thorny. They contain essential oils and so above all the bark and the leaves smell aromatic. Some species have yellowish wood ( name).

The alternate arranged leaves are stalked. The leathery or herbaceous leaf blade is composed; she's paired and unpaired pinnate compound leaves with one to 31. The change - or opposite standing on the rachis leaflets have only one leaf nerve or pinnately and are often dotted with glandular. The leaf margin is smooth to notched. Stipules are present or absent.

Inflorescences and flowers

The small flowers grow in differently constructed inflorescences with bracts. The flowers are hermaphrodite or rarely unisexual usually functional. If the flowers are unisexual species dioecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( dioecious ) or unisexual and hermaphrodite flowers are on one plant.

The small, fragrant flowers are radial symmetry to slightly zygomorphic with double or single perianth. There are either six to ten equally shaped bracts present or three, four or five sepals and the same number of petals. The bloom is usually yellow-green. There is an annular disc provided. In the hermaphrodite and male flowers four to six fertile stamens are present; they are all the same or significantly different. In the female flowers rudimentary stamens may be present or absent. The stamens are usually more or less at their base, but not intertwine with the bloom cladding. The hermaphrodite and female flowers contain from one to five under constant carpels, they can be grown freely or an ovary. The carpel are two ovules available. The one to five pens are completely free or partially fused. The scars are capitate. Pollination is by insects ( entomophily ).

Fruit and seeds

As fruits either follicles are formed, which are either free or up to five ( according to the number of carpels per flower) are combined in a multiple fruit. Or are formed carpels which break down into one to five part fruit. The fruits contain one to five oval to spherical seeds.

Dissemination

The genus Zanthoxylum is pantropical to subtropical. Some species are found also in the moderate latitudes of eastern Asia and eastern North America. In China, there are 41 species of which 25 are endemic. Some Arte are grown as crops.

System

Zanthoxylum belongs to the subfamily of Toddalioideae in the rue family ( Rutaceae ). Synonyms for Zanthoxylum L. are: Fagara L., Ochroxylum Schreb, Xanthoxylum Mill, orth var.

There are about 200 to 250 species of Zanthoxylum (selection):

  • Indonesian lemon pepper ( Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. ): History: China and tropical Asia
  • Zanthoxylum ailanthoides sieve. & Zucc. Native Japan and Taiwan.
  • Zahnwehholz ( Zanthoxylum americanum Mill ): History eastern North America.
  • Nepalese Sichuan pepper ( Zanthoxylum armatum DC. ): History: tropical and temperate South and East Asia
  • Zanthoxylum austrosinense CCHuang: History: China
  • Zanthoxylum avicennae ( Lam.) DC.:
  • Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. Homeland: China and Bhutan
  • Zanthoxylum calcicola CCHuang: endemic of China
  • Zanthoxylum clava - herculis L.: History Caribbean.
  • Zanthoxylum coco Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. Homeland: Bolivia and Argentina
  • Zanthoxylum collinsiae Craib: History: Indochina
  • Zanthoxylum coreanum Nakai: History of Korea.
  • Zanthoxylum decaryi H.Perrier: endemic to Madagascar.
  • Zanthoxylum dimorphophyllum Hemsley
  • Zanthoxylum dipetalum H.Mann: History: Hawaii
  • Zanthoxylum dissitum Hemsley: endemic of China
  • Zanthoxylum echinocarpum Hemsley: endemic of China
  • Zanthoxylum Esquirolii H.Léveillé: endemic of China
  • Zanthoxylum fagara (L.) coffin. Homeland: South and Central America, United States ( Florida, Texas)
  • West Indian satinwood ( Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl ): History: Caribbean Islands, United States ( Florida)
  • African satinwood ( Zanthoxylum gilletii ( De Wild ) PG Waterman. ): History: tropical Africa
  • Zanthoxylum glomeratum CCHuang: endemic of China
  • Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Hillebr. Homeland: Hawaii
  • Zanthoxylum hirsutum Buckley: History: Mexico, United States ( Oklahoma, Texas)
  • Zanthoxylum hyemale A.St. - Hil. Homeland: South America ( Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay)
  • Zanthoxylum integrifoliolum ( Merrill ) Merrill: History: Philippines
  • Zanthoxylum khasianum JDHooker: History: Himalayan
  • Zanthoxylum kwangsiense ( Handel-Mazzetti ) Chun ex CCHuang: endemic of China
  • Zanthoxylum laetum Drake: History: China, North Vietnam
  • Zanthoxylum leiboicum CCHuang: endemic of China
  • Zanthoxylum liboense C.C.Huang: endemic of China
  • Zanthoxylum macranthum ( Handel-Mazzetti ) CCHuang: endemic of China
  • Zanthoxylum madagascariense Baker: endemic to Madagascar.
  • Zanthoxylum mananarense H.Perrier: endemic to Madagascar.
  • Zanthoxylum martinicense ( Lam. ) DC. Homeland: Caribbean Islands, Venezuela
  • Zanthoxylum micranthum Hemsley: endemic of China
  • Zanthoxylum molle Rehder: endemic of China
  • Zanthoxylum motuoense CCHuang: endemic of China
  • Zanthoxylum multijugum Franchet: endemic of China
  • Zanthoxylum myriacanthum Wall. ex Hook. f: home: from India to the Philippines and China
  • Zanthoxylum Naranjillo Griseb. Homeland: South America ( Bolivia, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay)
  • Nitidum Zanthoxylum ( Roxb. ) DC. Homeland: Asia, New Guinea and Australia
  • Zanthoxylum ovalifolium Wight: History: South Asia, New Guinea and Australia
  • Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum Edgew. Homeland: China, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Myanmar
  • Zanthoxylum panamense P.Wilson: History: Central America (Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama)
  • Zanthoxylum parvum Shinners: History: Texas
  • Zanthoxylum piasezkii Maxim. Based in southern Gansu, western Henan, southern Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces at altitudes from 1700 to 2500 meters.
  • Zanthoxylum pilosulum Rehder & EHWilson in Sargent: Based in southern Gansu, southern Shaanxi, Yunnan, north-eastern and western Sichuan at altitudes 2500-3100 meters.
  • Chinese Sichuan pepper, Japanese pepper or Szechuan pepper ( Zanthoxylum piperitum (L. ) DC. )
  • Zanthoxylum planispinum sieve. & Zucc. Native Japan, Korea, Taiwan and China.
  • Zanthoxylum pteracanthum Rehder & EHWilson: endemic in western Hubei ( Xingshan ) at an altitude of about 1000 meters.
  • Rhetsa Zanthoxylum ( Roxb. ) DC. Homeland: India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Guinea, Philippines
  • Zanthoxylum rhombifoliolatum CCHuang: Based in Chongqing and Guizhou provinces at altitudes between 500 and 1000 meters.
  • Zanthoxylum scandens flower: History China, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Japan ( Ryukyu Islands), Malaysia and Myanmar.
  • Zanthoxylum schinifolium sieve. & Zucc. Homeland of China, Japan ( including the Ryukyu Islands) and Korea.
  • Yellow wood or deceptive Deceptive sting Ash ( Zanthoxylum simulans Hance ): History of China.
  • Zanthoxylum stenophyllum Hemsl. Based in southern Gansu ( Chengxian, Huixian ), western Henan, western Hubei, Hunan northeastern, southwestern Shaanxi, Sichuan at altitude 700-2400 meters.
  • Zanthoxylum stipitatum CCHuang: Based in northwestern Fujian, northern Guangdong, Guangxi northeastern and southern Hunan at altitudes between 100 and 800 meters.
  • Zanthoxylum subspicatum H.Perrier: endemic to Madagascar.
  • Zanthoxylum Thomasianum ( Krug & Urb. ) Krug & Urb. ex P.Wilson: Domestic: Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands
  • Zanthoxylum thouvenotii H.Perrier: endemic to Madagascar.
  • Zanthoxylum tomentellum JDHooker: History Yunnan, Bhutan, northeastern India, Myanmar and Nepal.
  • Zanthoxylum tsihanimposa H.Perrier: endemic to Madagascar.
  • Zanthoxylum undulatifolium Hemsley: Based in western Hubei, southern Shaanxi, eastern Sichuan and northeastern Yunnan at altitudes 1600-3200 meters.
  • Zanthoxylum wutaiense Ischen: endemic in Taiwan at altitudes 1300-1400 meters.
  • Zanthoxylum xichouense CCHuang: endemic in southeastern Yunnan at altitudes 1400-1500 meters.
  • Zanthoxylum yuanjiangense CCHuang: endemic in southern Yunnan at altitudes between 400 and 600 meters.
  • Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides ( Lam.) Zepern. & Timler: History: tropical West Africa.

No longer belong to the genus:

  • Zanthoxylum daniellii Benn. ⇒ Tetradium daniellii ( Benn. ) T.G.Hartley
  • Zanthoxylum pteleifolium Champ. ex Benth. ⇒ Melicope pteleifolia ( Champ. ex Benth. ) TGHartley
  • Zanthoxylum roxburghianum Cham. ⇒ Melicope Lunu - ankenda ( Gaertn. ) T.G.Hartley
  • Zanthoxylum L. trifoliatum ⇒ Eleutherococcus trifoliatus (L.) SYHu

Use

Besides the already mentioned uses as a spice or yellow coloring, Zanthoxylum species are also medically, for example, used as a disinfectant teeth cleaning sticks in Africa or as constituents of toothpaste, are also part of traditional Chinese medicine.

Chemical ingredients

(1S, 5S ) - ( -)- sabinene comes in the Indian medicinal plant Zanthoxylum rhetsa. before.

Swell

  • H.R. Coleman: Zanthoxylum in the Western Australian Flora: Online, 2008.
  • Dianxiang Zhang & Thomas G. Hartley: Zanthoxylum in the Flora of China, Volume 11, page 53: Online.
Vestigiality Ovary (botany) Compound fruit Agricultural Research Service
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