Zygophyllum

Beans like Jochblatt ( Zygophyllum fabago )

Zygophyllum, also called Jochblatt, is a genus in the family of Jochblattgewächse ( Zygophyllaceae ). The about 150 species are widespread.

  • 4.1 Notes and references

Description

Appearance and leaves

Zygophyllum species often grow in a more or less low, much -born half- shrubs that reach heights of growth of about 1 meter, often as a perennial, rarely as cringing, annual herbaceous plants. Many species are xerophytic, succulent plants that are drought and salt tolerant and are adapted to arid climates. Sometimes the branches form a tangle, sometimes with other plant species.

The leaves are opposite, but it may be one of the two sheets to be reduced and so might get the impression from another. It may be more or less short petioles be present or absent. The flat or rod-like, fleshy or leathery leaf blades are often two-piece or one-piece rare or uncommon in several parts. The leaf sections are very different depending on the type in shape and size. The leaves fall down in case of dry conditions. Often striking in this genus are the side sheets that can be membranous, herbaceous or transformed into thorns.

Flowers

The stalked flowers are solitary or in pairs in the leaf axils. The hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry, rarely four, usually fünfzählig double perianth. The five most slightly fleshy sepals are fused at the base and membranous at the edge; they are durable or in a few species they fall off early. The rarely four, usually five free petals are often nailed, broad obovate, elliptic, spatulate or spoon-shaped rare. In a few species the petals are absent. The colors of the petals range from pale orange to yellow or white, often with a red drawing towards its base or striped with red veins or they are brighter at the edges. It is a ring, cup-shaped or concave, eight - or ten -edged, fleshy discus available, sometimes it is also clear three-to five-lobed or -piece starting from the chambers of the ovary; sit on it the stamens. There are two circles, each with four or five stamens present; rarely four or six stamens are present. The free, thread-like stamens are usually longer than the petals and usually have membranous, scale-like appendage at the base, rarely missing. The anthers are oblong - ovate or rounded. Three to five carpels are fused to an upper permanent, three-to fünfkammerigen ovary. Each ovary chamber contains two or more hanging ovules The pfriemliche, edgy style that is shorter or longer than the fruit flavors, ending in a tiny, more or less globular, lobed stigma.

Fruit and seeds

Are formed capsule fruits or carpels. The fruit capsules are different depending on the type; when they are dry, they are often furrowed or smooth (eg Zygophyllum flexuosum ), three - to five -edged or winged (eg Zygophyllum morgsana ). The carpels are divided into two or more sub- fruits. In each fruit tray, there are one, few to a few seeds. The seeds contain endosperm and a straight embryo with two elongated cotyledons ( cotyledons ).

Occurrence

The approximately 150 - Zygophyllum species have a wide distribution area from the Mediterranean to Central Asia and Africa, as well as in Australia, the southwestern United States and in Chile. In China, about 19 species occur. About 60 species occur in sub saharan Africa; of which about 47 species in southern Africa: South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland is home.

In the capensis species in winter and summer rainfall areas occur. Of the species occurring in the Capensis most thrive in the biomes Nama Karoo and Succulent Karoo, both of which are arid. The Gariep region is the center of biodiversity and endemism for the South African Zygophyllum species. Most endemics are located in the northwestern corner of the Northern Cape and surrounding areas in the southwestern corner of Namibia.

Zygophyllum species thrive in many deserts and semi- deserts of the world. For example, colonized Zygophyllum stapfii extremely dry habitats of the Namib. The species thrive in a variety of habitats on slopes, dry rivers, mountain ridges, along the road and on coarse sandy, calcareous and saline soils.

System

The genus Zygophyllum was erected in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum, 1, pp. 385-386. Type species is L. Zygophyllum fabago. Zygophyllum The genus name is derived from the Greek, of ζυγόν zygon for yoke and φυλλον phyllon for leaf and refers to the constant against leaves and leaf sections that have many types. Synonyms for Zygophyllum L. are: Halimiphyllum ( Engl ) Boriss, Miltianthus Bunge, Bunge Sarcozygium. . The genus Zygophyllum belongs to the subfamily Zygophylloideae within the family of Zygophyllaceae .. The scope of the genus is controversial. Often, the South African and Australian species are in the genus Roepera A.Juss. outsourced. But Bellstedt et al. In 2008, the separation of the two genera Tetraena and Roepera denote premature.

There are about 150 species of Zygophyllum (including the Tetraena and Roepera species):

  • Zygophyllum aegyptium Hosny
  • Zygophyllum L. aestuans
  • Zygophyllum album L. f
  • Zygophyllum altaicum Stephan ex Ledeb.
  • Zygophyllum amblyocarpum Baker
  • Zygophyllum ammophilum F.Muell.
  • Zygophyllum angustifolium H.Eichler
  • Zygophyllum apiculatum F.Muell.
  • Zygophyllum applanatum Van Zyl
  • Zygophyllum atriplicoides fish. & C. A. Mey.
  • Zygophyllum aurantiacum F.Muell.
  • Zygophyllum aureum Dinter ex Engl
  • Zygophyllum australasicum Miq.
  • Zygophyllum balchaschense Boriss.
  • Zygophyllum berenicense ( Muschl. ) Hadidi
  • Zygophyllum betpakdalense Golosk. & Semiotr.
  • Zygophyllum billardierei DC.
  • Zygophyllum borissovae Beier & Thulin
  • Zygophyllum botulifolium Van Zyl
  • Zygophyllum boulosii Hosny
  • Zygophyllum brachypterum Kar & Kir.
  • Zygophyllum bucharicum B.Fedtsch.
  • Zygophyllum budunense Semiotr.
  • Zygophyllum capense Lam.
  • Zygophyllum carnosum Wall.
  • Zygophyllum chrysopteron Retief
  • Zygophyllum clavatum Schltr. & Diels
  • Zygophyllum coccineum L.
  • Zygophyllum commelini Eckl. & Zeyh.
  • Zygophyllum compressum J.M.Black
  • Zygophyllum confluens H.Eichler
  • Zygophyllum Wight & Arn connaroides. ex Hiern
  • Zygophyllum cordatum Burm. f
  • Zygophyllum cordifolium L. f
  • Zygophyllum cornutum Coss.
  • Zygophyllum crassifolium Schltr. ex Huysst.
  • Zygophyllum crassissimum Ising
  • Zygophyllum crenatum F.Muell.
  • Zygophyllum cuspidatum Boriss.
  • Zygophyllum cylindrifolium Schinz
  • Zygophyllum darvasicum Boriss.
  • Zygophyllum debile Cham.
  • Zygophyllum decumbens Delile
  • Zygophyllum desertorum Forssk.
  • Zygophyllum dichotomum light. ex Cham.
  • Zygophyllum divaricatum Eckl. & Zeyh.
  • Zygophyllum dregeanum Sond.
  • Zygophyllum dumosum Boiss.
  • Zygophyllum eichleri ​​R.M.Barker
  • Zygophyllum eichwaldii C.A.Mey.
  • Zygophyllum emarginatum H.Eichler
  • Zygophyllum englerianum ( Popov ) Popov
  • Zygophyllum eremaeum Ostenf.
  • Zygophyllum eurypterum Boiss. & Buhse
  • Zygophyllum fabagifolium Baill.
  • Zygophyllum fabagineum St. lag.
  • Beans like Jochblatt ( Zygophyllum fabago L.)
  • Zygophyllum fabagoides Popov
  • Zygophyllum fasciculatum light. ex Cham.
  • Zygophyllum flavum H.Eichler ex R.M.Barker
  • Zygophyllum flexuosum Eckl. & Zeyh.
  • Zygophyllum foetidum Schrad. & J.C.Wendl.
  • Zygophyllum fontanesii Webb & Berthel.
  • Zygophyllum fruticulosum DC.
  • Zygophyllum fulvum L.
  • Zygophyllum furcatum C.A.Mey.
  • Zygophyllum fuscatum Van Zyl
  • Zygophyllum gaetulum Emb & Maire
  • Zygophyllum garipense E.Mey.
  • Zygophyllum giessii Merxm. & A.Schreib.
  • Zygophyllum gilfillanii N.E.Br.
  • Zygophyllum glaucescens F.Muell.
  • Zygophyllum gobicum Maxim.
  • Zygophyllum gontscharovii Boriss
  • Zygophyllum guyotii Kneuck. & Muschl.
  • Zygophyllum halophilum R.M.Barker
  • Zygophyllum hamiense Schweinf.
  • Zygophyllum heterocladum Rech f & Patzak
  • Zygophyllum hildebrandtii Engl
  • Zygophyllum hirticaule Van Zyl
  • Zygophyllum horridum Eckl. & Zeyh.
  • Zygophyllum howittii F.Muell.
  • Zygophyllum ifniense Caball.
  • Zygophyllum iliense Popov
  • Zygophyllum incanum Schinz
  • Zygophyllum incrustatum E.Mey. ex Sond.
  • Zygophyllum insuave Eckl. & Zeyh.
  • Zygophyllum iodocarpum F.Muell.
  • Zygophyllum jaxarticum Popov
  • Zygophyllum kansuense Y.X.Liou
  • Zygophyllum karatavicum Boriss.
  • Zygophyllum karelinii fish. ex Boiss.
  • Zygophyllum kegense Boriss.
  • Zygophyllum kopalense Boriss.
  • Zygophyllum latialatum Engl
  • Zygophyllum laxum Engl
  • Zygophyllum lehmannianum Bunge
  • Zygophyllum leptopetalum E.Mey. ex Sond.
  • Zygophyllum leucocladum Diels
  • Zygophyllum lichtensteinianum Cham.
  • Zygophyllum limosum Eckl. & Zeyh.
  • Zygophyllum lobulatum ( Benth. ) H.Eichler
  • Zygophyllum loczyi Kanitz
  • Zygophyllum longicapsulare Schinz
  • Zygophyllum longistipulatum Schinz
  • Zygophyllum macracanthum Huysst.
  • Zygophyllum macrocarpon Retief
  • Zygophyllum macrophyllum rule & Schmalh.
  • Zygophyllum macropodum Boriss.
  • Zygophyllum macropterum C.A.Mey.
  • Zygophyllum maculatum Aiton
  • Zygophyllum mandavillei Hadidi
  • Zygophyllum maritimum Eckl. & Zeyh.
  • Zygophyllum marliesiae R.M.Barker
  • Zygophyllum marlothii Engl
  • Zygophyllum maximiliani Schltr. ex Huysst.
  • Zygophyllum megacarpum Boriss.
  • Zygophyllum melongena Bunge
  • Zygophyllum meyeri Sond.
  • Zygophyllum microcarpum Boriss.
  • Zygophyllum migahidii Hadidi
  • Zygophyllum migiurtinorum Chiov.
  • Zygophyllum miniatum Cham.
  • Zygophyllum L. morgsana
  • Zygophyllum mucronatum Maxim.
  • Zygophyllum neglectum Grubov
  • Zygophyllum obliquum Popov
  • Zygophyllum obtusum Vicary
  • Zygophyllum oocarpum Loes. ex Huysst.
  • Zygophyllum orbiculatum Welw. ex Oliv.
  • Zygophyllum ovatum Ewart & Jean White
  • Zygophyllum ovigerum fish. & C.A.Mey. ex Bunge
  • Zygophyllum oxianum Boriss.
  • Zygophyllum oxycarpum Popov
  • Zygophyllum pamiricum Grubov
  • Zygophyllum parvifolium G.Don
  • Zygophyllum pfeilii Engl
  • Zygophyllum pinnatum Cham.
  • Zygophyllum potaninii Maxim.
  • Zygophyllum Prismatocarpum Sond.
  • Zygophyllum prismatothecum F.Muell.
  • Zygophyllum procumbens Adamson
  • Zygophyllum proliferum Forssk.
  • Zygophyllum propinquum Decne.
  • Zygophyllum prostratum Thunb.
  • Zygophyllum pterocarpum Bunge
  • Zygophyllum pterocaule Van Zyl
  • Zygophyllum pubescens Schinz
  • Zygophyllum pygmaeum Eckl. & Zeyh.
  • Zygophyllum qatarense Hadidi
  • Zygophyllum ramosissimum Popov
  • Zygophyllum rangei Engl
  • Zygophyllum retivalve Dominguez
  • Zygophyllum retrofractum Thunb.
  • Zygophyllum rigescens E.Mey.
  • Zygophyllum rigidum Schinz
  • Zygophyllum robecchii Engl
  • Zygophyllum rogersii Compton
  • Zygophyllum rosowii Bunge
  • Zygophyllum rowelliae R.M.Barker
  • Zygophyllum schaeferi Engl
  • Zygophyllum schreiberianum Merxm. & casting
  • Zygophyllum semi teres Eckl. & Zeyh.
  • Zygophyllum L. sessilifolium
  • Zygophyllum sieversianum Stephan ex Ledeb.
  • Zygophyllum simile H.Eichler
  • Zygophyllum simplex L.
  • Zygophyllum sinkiangense Y.X. Liou
  • Zygophyllum smithii Hadidi
  • Zygophyllum somalense Hadidi
  • Zygophyllum sonderi H.Eichler
  • Zygophyllum spatulatum D.Don
  • Zygophyllum sphaerocarpum Schltr. ex Huysst.
  • Zygophyllum spinosum L.
  • Zygophyllum stapfii Schinz
  • Zygophyllum stellulatum C.Sm.
  • Zygophyllum stenopterum Schrenk
  • Zygophyllum subtrijugum C.A.Mey.
  • Zygophyllum succulentum Salisb.
  • Zygophyllum suffruticosum Schinz
  • Zygophyllum sulcatum Huysst.
  • Zygophyllum taldykurganicum Boriss.
  • Zygophyllum tenue R.Glover
  • Zygophyllum teretifolium Schltr.
  • Zygophyllum terminal Turcz.
  • Zygophyllum tesquorum J.M.Black
  • Zygophyllum tetrapterum H.Eichler ex R.M.Barker
  • Zygophyllum thunbergianum Eckl. & Zeyh.
  • Zygophyllum trialatum sheet. & Hallb.
  • Zygophyllum turcomanicum fish. ex Boiss.
  • Zygophyllum typicum ( Popov ) C.Regel
  • Zygophyllum uitenhagense Sond.
  • Zygophyllum waterlotii Maire
  • Zygophyllum webbianum Coss.
  • Zygophyllum xanthoxylon ( Bunge ) Maxim.
  • Zygophyllum Zanthoxylum Engl ex Dippel
  • Zygophyllum zonuzensis Sabeti

Swell

  • Karl Pollmann: Dissertation: Isolation and structural analysis of bioactive natural products from plants of the genus Zygophyllum Egyptian. Bayreuth 1998.
  • Yingxin Liu Lihua & Zhou: Zygophyllaceae: Zygophyllum, pp. 45-46 - Online, In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China, Volume 11: Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae, Missouri Botanical Garden Press and Science Press, Beijing and St. Louis in 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3. ( Description section )
  • Abdul Ghafoor: Zygophyllaceae: Zygophyllum in the Flora of Pakistan, Volume 76 (Section Description )
  • Elizabeth Retief: Zygophyllum L., 2009 plantzafrica.com of SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute =. (Section Description and dissemination )
  • H. Eichler: Entry to New South Wales Flora Online.
  • Björn -Axel Beier, Mark W. Chase & Mats Thulin: Phylogenetic relationships and taxonomy of subfamily Zygophylloideae ( Zygophyllaceae ) based on molecular and morphological data, In: Plant Systematics and Evolution, Volume 240, 2003, pp. 11-39. doi: 10.1007/s00606-003-0007-0
  • DU Bellstedt, L. van Zyl, EM Marais, Benny Bytebier, CA de Villiers, AM Makwarela & LL Dreyer: Phylogenetic relationships, character evolution and biogeography of southern African members of Zygophyllum ( Zygophyllaceae ) based on three plastid regions, In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 47, Issue 3, 2008, pp. 932-949.
Rosids Zygophyllales Perennial plant Desert climate Ovary (botany) Cereal germ Orange River Namib Desert Digital Object Identifier Agricultural Research Service Integrated Authority File
440147
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