Abd-Allah ibn Ibadh
ʿ Abd Allāh ibn Ibad, whose full name ʿ Abd Allāh ibn Ibad al - Murri at- Tamimi (Arabic: عبد الله بن إباض المري التميمي, DMG ʿ Abd Allāh ibn Ibad al - Murri at- Tamimi ) is the namesake ( eponym ) of the Islamic faith the Ibadis.
The identity of Ibn Ibāds is dark. After the two authors ash- Schahrastānī (1076-1153) and Zakariya Qazwini (around 1203-1283 ), he organized the mid-8th century, an uprising against the Umayyad caliph Marwan II The reports of the two authors, however, were long dismissed as anachronistic, there are other reports of the earlier Arab historians Abū Mikhnaf and al - Baladhuri, after which Ibn Ibad belongs to the late 7th century. According to these reports, he was one of the Kharijite activists from Basra, which attracted 683 under the leadership of Nafi ʿ ibn al - Azraq to Mecca to defend Abdallah ibn az- Zubair against the attacks of the Umayyads. When the Umayyad siege collapsed after the death of the caliph Yazid I, the Kharijites at odds with ʿ Abd and retreated to Basra. There they were imprisoned by the Umayyad governor ʿ Ubayd Allāh ibn Ziyad, came but soon released. Some of them moved under the leadership of Nafi ʿ ibn al - Azraq from Ahwaz to take from there a large-scale uprising. The remaining Kharijites in Basra, among whom was also ʿ Abd Allāh ibn Ibad, Nafi ʿ invited to join his Hijrah; since the inhabitants of the city are mushrikeen, one must renounce of them necessarily. However, ʿ Abd Allāh ibn Ibad said to have rejected the argument this demand, that the inhabitants of Basra not kuffaar ( "infidels" ) are in the sense of blasphemers, of which one must be separated, but only kuffaar within the meaning of kuffaar ni ʿ ma ( " Ungrateful "). Therefore, it is allowed to continue to live among them.
The Ibadite literature provides no biographical information on Ibn Ibad, but handed two letters he is said to have addressed to the Umayyad caliph Abd al -Malik ibn Marwan. The authenticity of these letters has been pulled early in doubt. Michael Cook built in the early 1980s on the theory that the first letter in reality from the ibaditischen scholar Jabir ibn Zaid ( died 712) tribe and was addressed by it to the Muhallabids Guide ʿ Abd al -Malik ibn al - Muhallab. The second letter, which contains anti - Shiite polemics, is in his view constitutes a forgery, which was written just before the middle of the 8th century.
Because of a report to Wilferd Madelung few years ago in a work of Abū ʿ Ubayd Allāh known writers al - Marzubānī ( died 994 ) discovered, one tends again today, Ibn Ibad classify later in time. According to this report, Ibn Ibad was imprisoned after a confrontation with the Shiite poet as- Sayyid al - Himyari to 760 by the Abbasid Caliph al - Mansur and died shortly afterwards in prison. Madelung believed that after this incident, the grouping that belonged to Ibn Ibad, under the name Ibādīya was known. The real leader at the time was, however, not Ibn Ibad, but Abū ʿ ibn Abī Karima Ubayda Muslim at- Tamimi.
Because of this new temporal classification Ibn Ibāds also attributed to him letters are valued today new. Regarding the first letter John Wilkinson in 2010 espoused the thesis that it was originally addressed to ʿ Abd al -Malik, the 719 deceased son of ʿ Umar ibn ʿ Abd al - ʿ Azeez. Madelung has joined this view and considers it likely that they come from Ibn Ibad itself. As to the second letter he suspects that he is also from Ibn Ibad, but was in reality directed at al - Sayyid al - Himyari.