Acetic acid bacteria
The Acetobacteraceae form a family within the Alphaproteobacteria. It is Gram-negative, obligate aerobic, rod-shaped and often motile bacteria. The optimum pH for these microorganisms is usually in the acidic range, often between 5.3 to 6.3. Some are still growing at a significantly lower pH values .
Metabolism and ecology
Members of this family are also known as acetic acid bacteria. You gain energy by the oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid. Some genera, such as Acetobacter can continue to remove with the help of enzymes of the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) acetic acid to carbon dioxide and water. Others, such as Gluconobacter, lack of appropriate enzymes are not in a position.
In nature, acetic acid bacteria are ubiquitous wherever yeasts ferment sugar or vegetable carbohydrates to ethanol. You may also be isolated from flower nectar and damaged fruits. On cider and beer that is neither pasteurized nor sterile - filtered, they grow in a scum on the surface.
Other genera, such Acidicaldus, Acidiphilium, Acidisphaera, Acidocella and Rhodopila, can strongly from acidified, oligotrophic waters are isolated. Can acidophilum Acidiphilium live autotrophic, ie even fix carbon.
Some species can elemental nitrogen (N2 ) fix from the environment and therefore use in their own metabolism. Gluconacetobacter johannae and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus are examples Acetobacteraceae. The so-called nitrogen fixers play an important role in the nitrogen cycle.
System
Some genera of this family:
- Acetobacter Beijerinck 1898
- Acidicaldus Johnson et al. 2006
- Acidiphilium Harrison 1981
- Acidisoma Belova et al. 2009
- Acidisphaera Hiraishi et al. 2000
- Acidocella Kishimoto et al. 1996
- Acidomonas Urakami et al. 1989
- Asaia Yamada et al. 2000
- Belnapia Reddy et al. 2006
- Craurococcus Saitoh et al. 1998
- Gluconacetobacter Corrig. Yamada et al. 1998
- Gluconobacter Asai 1935
- Kozakia Lisdiyanti et al. 2002
- Neoasaia Yukphan et al. 2006
- Paracraurococcus Saitoh et al. 1998
- Rhodopila Imhoff et al. 1984
- Roseococcus Yurkov et al. 1994
- Rubritepida Alarico et al. 2002
- Saccharibacter Jojima et al. 2004
- Stella Vasilyeva 1985
- Swaminathania Loganathan & Nair 2004
- Zavarzinia Meyer et al. 1994