Adhan
The Arabic term adhan / أذان / Adan ( permit from the root أذن / ADINA /, let '; well Azan / ezan; [ ʔæðæ ː n] ) is the Islamic call to prayer. He is called five times a day to call the community prayer (salat ) by the muezzin (prayer caller ). In large mosques it is being called from the minaret (tower) of, in small mosques from which door or from the side of the building. Today, this is often done via speaker. The adhan calls the faithful to a place of prayer, whereas immediately before the commencement of prayer the Iqama ( call to prayer ) is heard, which is similar to the adhan except for an additional line.
Ritual Legal classification
Among the four Sunni schools of law, there is agreement that the adhan and the iqama for the five daily prayers and the Friday prayer are prescribed religious law. While they are classified in the Hanafi, Maliki and schafiitischen Maddhab as Sunna, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, it has declared a Fard Kifaya, ie the mandatory requirement that is satisfied by one they met for the community. For women, however, the adhan is not provided.
History
The first adhan in the history of Islam is Bilal al - Habashi, a freed Abyssinian slave and close confidant of the Prophet Muhammad, in 622 or 623, may have been shortly after the Emigration ( Hijrah ) from the city of Mecca, called.
Before you had chosen to become a form of adhan call to prayer, other alternatives such as a fire, a bell, a horn signal or the use of Naqus have been proposed.
Wording
The formula Hayya ' ala al - chair ' amal is used exclusively by Shiites and serves them as a distinctive mark. If it sounds from the minaret of a mosque, know the people, that the Shia is decisive here.
Regional characteristics
- In Abu Dhabi City of the call to prayer is coordinated. From all mosques in the city sounds the call to prayer of the muezzin of the Sheikh Zayed Mosque. An attempt by the Egyptian Minister of Religious Endowments, Hamdi Zaqzouq to unify in 2004, the calls to prayer in Cairo, so in parallel by a muezzin from failed.
- In Indonesia is often no need for a muezzin called with gongs and prayer.
- In Marseilles, France, the Muslim community of the planned major new mosque has also deliberately avoids the Muezzinruf and instead sends - " as a sign of assimilation" - the prayer a light signal.
- Germany: see Islam in Germany: Muezzinrufe
Adhan in Turkey
Ziya Gokalp formulated as a preparer of the Turkish national identity for the first time in the poem Vatan ( " The Fatherland ", 1918), the desire for a liturgy in Turkish. The first stanza reads in German translation:
A country where the Müezzin in Turkish sings the call to prayer, Where his praying sense captures the farmer easier understanding, Where everywhere is heard from the students' mouths on the Turkish Koran, Where einz'gen each, large and small, the divine commandment known: O might know, you Turks shoot, this country, it's your country!
In the course of linguistic Turkification (see Öztürkçe ) the adhan was called in Turkish from 1932. The nationwide undertook Turkish call to prayer was introduced on July 18, 1932 by order of the Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı. On 16 June 1950, the Parliament adopted a law amending, with the existing since 1941 criminal prohibition (Art. 526 para 2 the TPC version), the adhan and the iqama to call in Arabic, and the Arabic call to prayer lifted at the beginning of Ramadan 1369 AH (17 June 1950) was re- admitted.
Wording
Variants
A special feature in Turkey is reciting the adhan in different Makam. In Turkey, a different melody type is used for each of the five times of prayer, but this is to be found in other places. The makam tradition in Turkey is: