Advanced driver assistance systems
Driver assistance systems (DAS - English: Advanced Driver Assistance Systems ( ADAS ) ) are additional electronic devices in motor vehicles to assist the driver in certain driving situations. These are often safety aspects, but also the increase in driving comfort at the forefront. Another aspect is to improve the economics.
Structure and function
Driver assistance systems access is semi-autonomous or autonomous in drive, control (eg gas, brake) or signaling devices of the vehicle or warn by appropriate human-machine interfaces the driver shortly before or during critical situations. Currently, most advanced driver assistance systems are designed so that the responsibility remains with the driver (that means " override " autonomous interventions usually can ) and it is thus not disenfranchised. The reasons for this are mainly:
- The legal situation, after which the driver at any time has the responsibility for the management of his vehicle and be able to control it at any time must ( Vienna Road Traffic Convention 1968, Article 8, paragraph 5): Every leader must constantly be vehicle control or lead his animals.
- The not yet sufficient reliability of many systems. Particularly demanding tasks here are the detection and classification of objects, and the interpretation of the scenario in the environment of the vehicle. Currently available sensors and known signal processing approaches can not provide a reliable environment recognition under all possible driving conditions and weather conditions. Assistance systems therefore offer limited support in certain uncontrollable situations ( eg adaptive cruise control: Workspace often limited to certain speed ranges are not dealt with stationary objects, etc.).
- The lack of acceptance for " incapacitating " systems for buyers of such vehicles.
Technology
The control intervention or the signaling functions of driver assistance systems put forward knowledge regarding the current driving situation. This may be sensors in the case of ESP ( Electronic Stability Program) and ABS, determine the wheel speed and / or the yaw rate ( = rotational velocity of the vehicle about the vertical axis ) and the longitudinal and lateral acceleration. Further systems such as ACC or distance warning require additional information regarding the vehicle's environment. For this kind of assistance systems different types of environment sensors are used. Here are
- Ultrasound ( parking aid )
- Radar ( lane change assistant, automatic proximity warning system )
- Lidar ( Blind Spot monitoring, automatic collision warning, adaptive cruise control, pre-crash and pre- Brake)
- Camera ( lane departure warning, traffic sign recognition, lane change assist, blind spot monitoring, emergency braking system for pedestrian protection )
Priority. In some cases, combinations of multiple sensor systems (sensor data fusion ) are required. Due to the high price of such sensor systems there is usually a requirement of the multi-functionality; That is, a sensor system needs to cover various assistance functions. By combining with exact data of navigation systems can be a site-specific warning, for example, at high speed before a tight corner.
Dissemination
In 2003, the average value for driver assistance systems per sold car in Germany was about 900 euros ( Focus: Anti -lock Braking System (ABS ), ESP, brake assist, tire pressure monitoring system, adaptive cruise control (ACC ), Adaptive High Beam Assist ). After studying one expects an average value of 3200 euros and in 2015 of 4300 euros in 2010. Here, it is also of future systems such as object recognition / pedestrian safety, accident detection, automatic emergency brake, infrared night vision and the like. The main driver for the growth of these systems is the demand of the buyers who look for an ADAC survey vehicle safety at position 1. Another influence of the demographic factor in Germany, after which older drivers put more emphasis on vehicle safety and fuel demand in accordance with their relative increase in the coming years.
Example motorcycle: In 2003 triggered about 4,000 motorcycle accidents involving personal injury by " over-braking and subsequent fall ." This could have been prevented about 90% through the installation of an ABS.
After Europe is a leader in ESP, the U.S. has decided in December 2007 to a mandatory introduction. Since 2009, 55 % of the vehicles must be equipped with ESP to 4.5 t, from 2012 this applies to 100 % of the vehicles. The UN is currently working on a system intended to prescribe the ESP technology as a worldwide standard. Currently, 26 % of new cars are equipped with ESP worldwide. In Germany, this value is 64 %.
Potential
According to studies of Insurers Accident Research ( UDV ) for driver assistance systems, the standard equipment of cars, trucks and vans with ESP and motorcycles would significantly reduce the number of accidents with ABS. The following potential benefits identified by the UDV:
- ESP for cars: 25 - 35 % ( influenced accidents with serious personal injury )
- ESP for trucks: 9% ( influenced accidents with serious personal injury )
- ESP for vans: 19 % ( influenced accidents with serious personal injury )
- ABS for motorcycles: 10% ( influenced accidents involving personal injury )
With the standard installation of collision warning and emergency braking systems in cars, many severe rear-end collisions could be avoided beyond, says the Insurers Accident Research. According to calculations would be possible with modern brake assist a reduction in severe car accidents by twelve percent. The technique as motorists on an imminent collision or no derive at risk of an emergency braking one. Too cautious and late braking are, according to the accident investigators responsible for many traffic accidents. After the prescribed throughout Europe from 2011 all new cars stability control and collision warning emergency braking systems promise the highest accident avoidance potential.
Future
In studies is already thinking about " automatic evasive action " in which the secure and unique situation recognition, the brief takeover of the vehicle guidance and the successful return to the driver is a difficult task. In addition to the reliable detection of environment situations are also in a very short time several strategies for appropriate evasive action to develop and evaluate. It is also not to be underestimated especially in autonomous interventions, the question of product liability. For all assistance systems, the cooperation of engineers, psychologists, ergonomists and lawyers is necessary.