Affricate consonant

  • Plosives
  • Nasal
  • Vibrants
  • Taps / Flaps
  • Fricatives
  • Affricates
  • Approximants
  • Lateral
  • Ejectives
  • Ingressive sounds Clicks ( clicking sounds )
  • Implosives

An affricate (also affricate, affricate one; Pl: affricates, affricates also ) is the name for a close relationship of a plosive ( plosive ) with a homorganic fricative ( fricative ) such that the Plosion goes directly into the fricative.

Phonetics vs.. phonology

In phonetics, may at any plosive, which opens into a homorganic fricative are called affricates. In phonology, however, only those sequences of plosive and fricative homorganem deemed affricate, which behave as a single phoneme. So true, for example in German the sound [ ts ] as affricates, since it has a similar distribution as simple obstruents: It can in syllable ( toe ) and before fricatives (two) occur, as in the syllable rhyme / Coda ( Hatz ), also after Sonorant (wood). In the English phonology, however, applies [ ts ] affricate rather than, as it can occur almost exclusively on the morpheme boundary ( rats ' rats ', composed of the morphemes and rat -s). Sometimes there is disagreement as to whether a particular affricate phoneme is to be considered or not.

Affricate vs. Sequence of plosive and fricative homorganem

To affricates differ in some languages ​​of ordinary sequences of plosive and fricative homorganem, eg in Polish. The difference is that in the sequence of plosive and fricative former is fully pronounced, ie with its own Plosion (or release or solution ) before the fricative is formed. In an affricate, however, is still missing Plosion, because the solution of plosivischen part goes directly into the frikativischen part.

Example: Polish czysta [ t͡ʃɨsta ] 'clean' ( f ) vs. trzysta [ tʃɨsta ] ' three hundred '.

Notation

According to the International Phonetic Alphabet affricates are represented with a bow on plosive and fricative, eg / PF TS dʒ /. Often this arc but simply omitted, for example, / pf ts dʒ /.

For some affricates are special ligatures available, namely / ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ ʨ ʥ /.

Sometimes other conventions are used so often in the dialectology, such as / č c ǰ / for / tʃ dʒ ts /.

Emergence of affricates / ts /, / pf / and / kχ / in German and its dialects

In the second or High German consonant shift, the Germanic Fortis stops [ tpk ] under certain conditions to the affricates / ts /, / pf / and / kχ / become. However, it has only the central and southern German dialects recorded and has also not always performed by the same amount ( / kχ / has in standard German can not enforce ).

  • In the initial sound, eg, two, Path, South Bavarian Kchind ( cf. English two, path, kind). But not before r, eg faithful ( cf. English true).
  • In the gemination, eg sitting, copper, South Bavarian or Alemannic Stokch ( cf. English sit, copper, stock ).
  • After sonorant, eg heart, Swamp, South Bavarian or Alemannic Dankch ( cf. English heart, swamp, thank ).
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