Agglutinative language
An agglutinative language structure (lat. agglutinare, stick ') is in the linguistic typology of Wilhelm von Humboldt and August Wilhelm Schlegel's a subspecies of the synthetic speech construction. In an agglutinative language, the grammatical function is indicated by the attachment of individual affixes.
In an agglutinative language is a unit of meaning, such as person, time, case, expressed by a single affix. Therein lies the difference with the fusional languages that fuse different grammatical categories by affixation or have " squeezed " in the course of their development more affixes by partial drastic change. It is also important that influence the individual morphemes not mutually exclusive.
Examples
- The Finnish word form taloissani " in my houses" can be broken down as follows: talo ( "house" ) i (plural ) ssa ( inessive, "in" ) ni ( shows possession by a first person singular of " my " ). ( But the plural is not always infix -i formed with the. Example talo → Talot ( " houses "). )
- The Hungarian language follows the same principle: ház ( "House ") → Hazam ( " my house ") → házaim ( " my house ") → házaimban ( " in my houses" ). ( Again, the plural is not always infix -i formed with the. Ház See → házak ( "houses" ) → házakban ( " in houses "). )
- In Turkish, it is also: göz ( " eye") → gözler ( " eyes ") → gözleri ( "eyes", accusative ) → gözlerim ( " my eyes ", nominative ) → gözlerimi ( " My Eyes" directed at something ) → gözlerimin ( " my eyes "; eg gözlerimin rengi → " the color of my eyes ") → gözleriminse ( " if it is part of my eyes " )
- While most agglutinative languages use suffixes used as Khasi, a Mon-Khmer language, only prefixes and prepositions. Comparisons: nga leit - " I go ," nga la leit - " I went ," nga la lah leit - " I was gone ."
- The Hattic language, the Sumerian language, Burushaski and the Mayan languages employ prefixes, suffixes, and even infixes.
The difference between agglutinative and fusional languages is often less sharp but rather continuously flowing. Different languages tend in one direction or the other, purely agglutinative or fusional purely are rare.
Sometimes the term " agglutinative languages " is also used as a synonym for synthetic languages , which also inflecting languages and fusional be included, although this is technically incorrect.
The best examples of agglutinating languages are Azeri Basque, Georgian, Tatar, Turkish, Chechen, the Dravidians languages , the Uralic languages ( eg Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian ), Guarani, Quechua, Aymara, Inuktitut, Swahili, Malay. Also Esperanto and a number of other planned languages belong to this category. Other examples from the earlier history are also the most languages of the Middle East, as Elamitisch, Hurrian, Urartian, Guti, Lullubi, Kassitisch and Sumerian.
The agglutinative languages are not yet fully grouped according to language families, although, for example, Finnish and Hungarian are related. Rather, this property has developed at a plurality of separate languages by convergent evolution.
Agglutinative languages tend to have a high number of affixes / morphemes per word, and great regularity. For example, the Japanese or the Persian know only two irregular verbs (see irregular Japanese verbs or Persian verbs).