Alismataceae

Common plantain (Alisma plantago- aquatica )

The plantain plants ( Alismataceae ) are a family in the order of the plantain -like ( Alismatales ) within the angiosperms ( Magnoliopsida ).

• 4.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

The representatives of the plantain plants are rarely annual or perennial herbaceous mostly marsh or aquatic plants. Sometimes they form rhizomes with endodermis and sometimes stolons. The plants contain latex. Plant parts are occupied glabrous or with simple, single-celled to stellate trichomes.

The stems are not chlorophyll content, short, erect and kormusartig. You go sympodial. Along the stems often find remnants of the vascular bundle of withered petioles. Often rhizomes are formed occasionally end in tubers. The roots are at the base of stems or at the lower nodes.

The leaves float on the water or stand upright submerged. You are basal, sessile or pedunculated and are double row, double row spiral fashion, spiral or often even in basal rosettes. The leaf stems have a rotating round to triangular cross-section and have a sheath without ears at the base on. The leaf blade is linear, lanceolate, ovate or rhombic, and may have translucent dots or lines. The leaf margin is entire or wavy, cut off the tip blunt, pointed or tapered or otherwise shaped. The base of the leaf blade is either provided without lobes pointed or truncated lobe, arrow - or spear- shaped. The venation consists of parallel main veins and reticular veins side.

Inflorescences and flowers

The on an inflorescence stem usually erect or rarely floating inflorescences are racemose or paniculate by quirlförmige branching, rarely they are also doldig. They contain lively arranged bracts, which are linear, entire, obtuse, and forward to a point.

The flowers are hermaphrodite or unisexual, sometimes both on one plant ( Subdiözie ). If the flowers are unisexual then the species monoecious ( monoecious ) or dioecious ( dioecious ) can be getrenntgeschlechtig. The flower stalks are very short to long.

The radial symmetry blooms are triple double perianth. The three green sepals enclose and durable flower and fruit or are spread to bent back. The three white to pink, or sometimes yellowish petals are delicate and are shed early. Nectar production can occur at the base of the petals, stamens or to staminodia.

There are one or two circuits, each with three or more subclasses free stamens present, which are formed centrifugally or centripetally. The outer stamens can be reduced to staminodes. The stamens are relatively long. The fixed or free-standing at the base of anthers are turned outwards and open by longitudinal slits. The pollen grains are usually pantoporat and prickly. There shall be three to six many free or deformed at its base carpels arranged in a circle, spiral or irregular. Each carpel contains one (rarely two) anatrope, located at the base of ovules, only in the class Damasonium two formed up several ovules with marginal placentation. The terminally or laterally standing style ends in a linealischen scar.

Fruit and seeds

The stationary together in groups or a circle fruits are usually nutlets ( achenes ), rare drupes or follicles which contain one to a few seeds. The fruit bowl has often glandular hairs. The U -shaped seeds have a horseshoe-shaped embryo and when they are mature, no endosperm.

Chromosomes

The chromosomes are from 2.4 to 14.4 microns long. As chromosome base numbers are given x = 5-13, of which 7, 8 and 11 are most common.

Occurrence

The Alismataceae family is spread almost worldwide, but particularly in the northern hemisphere, mainly in tropical and subtropical areas. The species thrive in wet locations or in the water.

System

The Alismataceae family was erected in 1799 by Étienne Pierre Ventenat in Tableau du Regne Vegetal, 2, p 157. Type genus is Alisma L.. Genera of the formerly independent family Damasoniaceae Nakai and water poppy family ( Limnocharitaceae Takht. Ex Cronquist ) are now assigned according to APG III the Alismataceae.

The water plantain family Cucurbitaceae includes 11 to 16 genera with 81 to 100 species:

• Albidella Pichon (sometimes in Echinodorus ).
• (Alisma L.): about eleven species in wetlands of the temperate to subtropical zones.
• Astonia S.W.L.Jacobs: a Type: Astonia australiensis (Aston ) SWLJacobs: It occurs in Queensland.

• Common Lesser Water ( Baldellia ranunculoides (L.) Parl )

• Burnatia enneandra Micheli: It occurs in tropical Africa.

• Butomopsis latifolia ( D.Don ) Kunth: It occurs in tropical areas of North Africa, Asia and northern Australia.

• Common Heart Spoon ( Caldesia parnassiifolia ( Bassi ) Parl )

• Damasonium Alisma Mill
• Damasonium bourgaei Coss.

• Swamp Lieb ( Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau, Syn: Alisma L. flavum, Limnocharis emarginata Humb & Bonpl. . ): The original home is South America. It is available in many areas of the world, especially in Asia, a neophyte.
• Limnocharis laforestii Duchass. ex Griseb. It is widespread in the Neotropics.

Swell

• The Alismataceae in APWebsite family. ( Section systematics and description)
• Wang Qingfeng, Robert R. Haynes, C. Barre Hellquist: Alismataceae. In: Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China. Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae, Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3, page 84, PDF file online. ( Section systematics and description)
• Samuli Lehtonen: Systematics of the Alismataceae - a morphological evaluation. In: Aquatic Botany. Volume 91, No. 4, 2009, pp. 279-290, DOI: 10.1016/j.aquabot.2009.08.002.
• David John Mabberley: The Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of the higher plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge et al 1987, ISBN 0-521-34060-8.
• Robert R. Haynes, C. Barre Hellquist: Alismataceae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae ( in part), and Zingiberidae, Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford et al 2000, ISBN 0-19-513729-9, p 84 ( limited preview in Google Book Search ). , online. ( Section systematics)
• Description of the families of Alismataceae and Limnocharitaceae at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. ( Description section )
• Elfrune Wendelberger: Plants of the wetlands. Waters, marshes, floodplains. Books Gutenberg, Munich, 1986, ISBN 3-7632-3265-6 (or BLV -Verlag, ISBN 3-405-12967-2 ).