Alismatales

Arum ( Calla palustris)

The plantain -like ( Alismatales ) are an order of monocots.

They are exclusively aquatic plants in marine, brackish and freshwater inhabitants or swampy locations. They therefore represent an ecologically closed group. The oldest fossils are from the Cretaceous ( 110 to 120 million years old ). Few species are medicinal or food plants. A large number of species are used as ornamental plants in spaces, parks, gardens and ponds, aquariums, and as cut flowers.

Description

They are mostly perennial, rarely annual herbaceous plant with rhizomes. The majority of species grow terrestrial to epiphytic, but this concerns only a few families ( Araceae and Tofieldiaceae ), the taxa of most families are marsh to water plants in freshwater to saltwater. Originally a feature no tracheae or in primitive form are available only in the roots. The mostly alternate, rosettigen basal, rarely lively arranged on the stems leaves are petiolate or sessile. The leaf blades are lanceolate, ovate to arrow-shaped. Except for the Araceae ( " Intravaginalschuppen ", " Squamulae " ) are in the leaf sheaths small scales.

The flowers are borne singly or in differently constructed inflorescences. The hermaphrodite or unisexual flowers are usually in threes and radial symmetry. The flowers have many original features: stamens are either numerous ( originally ) or in two, rarely only a circle of three ( progressive ) present. The gynoecium is almost always still chorikarp with spirally arranged mostly upper permanent carpels. The placentation is laminal to submarginal.

It will be formed of one carpel follicles or nutlets.

The pollen grains are trinucleat. The green, nutrient -storing embryos and cotyledons ( cotyledons ) are great. When the seedlings the hypocotyl and the roots are well trained. The endosperm is formed helobial. The anthers have a Periplasmaltapetum with mononuclear tapetum. Polyandry has already been suspected as secondary.

System

The order of Alismatales was erected in 1829 by Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier in analysis of Familles de Plantes (avec l' indication of principaux genres qui s'y rattachent. Imprimerie de J. Casterman, Tournay ), 54. In Hutchinson in 1959, this order contained only three families. In Cronquist 1981 there were three families more.

It divides the order of the plantain -like ( Alismatales ) today in 13 families.

  • Plantain plants ( Alismataceae )
  • Water corn plants ( Aponogetonaceae ), with only one genus and about 43 species: Water ears ( Aponogeton )
  • Flowering rush ( Butomus umbellatus )
  • Posidonia ( Posidonia )
  • Balances ( Ruppia )
  • Flowers bulrush ( Scheuchzeria palustris)

Swell

  • The order of Alismatales in APWebsite. ( Description section )
  • Andreas Bresinsky, Christian Körner, Joachim W. Kadereit, Gunther Neuhaus, Uwe Sonnewald: Strasburger - Textbook of Botany, founded by Eduard Strasburger, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2008, 36th edition ISBN 978-3-8274-1455-7. : Alismatales: pp. 853-855. ( Section systematics and description)
  • Mark W. Chase, Michael F. Fay, Dion S. Devey, Oliver Maurin, Nina Rønsted, T. Jonathan Davies, Yohan Pillon, Gitte Petersen, Ole Seberg, MN Tamura, Conny B. Asmussen, Khidir Hilu, Thomas Borsch, Jerrold I. Davis, Dennis W. Stevenson, J. Chris Pires, Thomas J. Givnish, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Marc A. McPherson, Sean W. Graham & Hardeep S. Rai: MultiGene Analyses of monocot relationships: . a summary, in Aliso, Volume 22, 2006, pp. 63-75. ( Section systematics)
  • Thomas J. Givnish, J. Chris Pires, SW Graham, MA McPherson, LM Prince, TB Patterson, HS Rai, EH Roalson, TM Evans, WJ Hahn, KC Millam, AW Meerow, M. Molvray, PJ Kores, HE O ' Brien, JC Hall, WJ Kress & KJ Sytsma. Phylogeny of the monocots based on the highly informative plastid gene ndhF: Evidence for wide spread concerted convergence, Aliso, 22, 2006, pp. 28-51. ( Section systematics)
  • Xiaoxian Li & Zhou Zhekun: Phylogenetic studies of the core Alismatales inferred from morphology and rbcL sequences, Progress in Natural Science, Volume 19 (8 ), 2009 ( section systematics).
48564
de