Ampersand
The ampersand, even ampersand - ugs often ampersand, ampersand or company and - in certain cases is a suitable surrogate for the word "and " (Latin et ).
- 4.1 encoding
- 4.2 keyboard
- 4.3 replacement
Meaning and usage
German orthography and typography
Solitary ampersand represents the Latin word et with the English meaning, and '. According to the German orthography and microtypography it may only be used in company names; in all other cases, either the advertised "and" or its abbreviation " u " should be used. The plus sign ( ; unlike & a mathematical and no punctuation) is tolerated as a surrogate for and depending on the context or type of text at least.
Abbreviation for " et cetera "
In older texts, especially English-and French -speaking, is found instead of " etc. " and the notation "& c. " (→ et cetera ).
Computer science
Programming
In some programming languages is the bitwise AND & for the so-called or Adressreferenzierung. In this context, the ampersand is called " ampersand " (English ) or referred to as " address-of operator ".
In many Kommandozeilen-/Shell-/Script-Sprachen (especially the UNIX derivatives ) indicates that a command list & final that this command list is asynchronous work off; in other acts & as a delimiter when multiple commands on the same line ( cmd shell the Windows NT family ).
World Wide Web
In a URL, is the & between the parameter value pairs of the query component.
Origin / formation
The ampersand is a formed in late antiquity ligature of the letters e and t ( et ), whose development came to a conclusion in the Carolingian minuscule. It was similarly used through the Middle Ages also as a normal letter connection to our present - fi or fl ligatures.
Equivalent to the ampersand is still the Tironian et used ( ⁊ ), whose appearance as well as that of & has ( glyph ) is a large diversity in Irish.
English and French name
The English name Ampersand is a contraction of and per se and what about is " and per se and ".
Therefore, this formulation is that was preceded in schools when reciting the alphabet each letter can also be used for as word (A, I, and also temporarily O), the Latin phrase per se "in itself". In addition, the alphabet in the 19th century was said in England with the addition of " and &". So the conclusion to X, Y, Z and per se is And. This last phrase was adopted with the times ampersand sanded and in this form to the year 1837 in the general English usage.
The French name is a contraction of Esperluette et lui et by what means about "meaning and ."
French students learned the sign at the end of the alphabet. Das et per lui et was worth a Esperluette. A proposal of 1807, the " barbaric " Esperluette to replace et, did not sit through.
Representation in computer systems and replacement
Coding
In the international character encoding Unicode system & is on position:
- U 0026 ampersand ( ampersand ).
In the ASCII character set, the character is on the same position.
On the internet Document Format HTML and XML, the character is coded as follows:
- & (hexadecimal),
- & (Decimal) and
- & ( named characters).
In URLs:
- 26 %
Keyboard
On the German and Swiss keyboard the ampersand is on the top row of keys above the number 6 and can be input using the Shift key. In the Neo keyboard layout it is on Mod 3 Q.
On the English and the American keyboard the ampersand is also in the top row of keys, but above the number 7
Even if the keyboard you are using does not have the character, it can often be inserted through a corresponding function of the operating system or the respective text editor.
Substitution
If the character can not be displayed because it is missing in the font or the character set used, it should be replaced by the word "and ".
The sign is contained in both the ASCII standard (and thus in Unicode) as well as in EBCDIC and can therefore easily represented world, processed, transmitted and archived in all modern computer systems and the regulations are.
In HTML and XML, the symbol introduces a character entity. It must therefore itself by the escape sequence & be noted. This substitution may, if it is done automatically, are not carried out repeatedly, otherwise consequences would form the & amp; ... arise that are found by a simple internet search often.
Symbols
- U 214 B ⅋ TURNED AMPERSAND
- U FE60 SMALL & AMPERSAND
- U FF06 & FULLWIDTH AMPERSAND