Anacardiaceae

Cashew ( Anacardium occidentale ), " Cashew " and " cashew apple "

The Sumac Family ( Anacardiaceae ) form a family in the order of the soap tree -like ( Sapindales ). They come with about 70-82 genera and 600-800 species worldwide remains predominantly in the tropics and subtropics, but partly also in temperate climates. Some species yield edible fruits and seeds - Medical effects were investigated - and some species are ornamentals.

• 3.1 taxonomy
• 3.2 Outline of the family in subfamilies and their genres

• 5.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

They are mostly evergreen, woody plants: most are independently upright growing trees or shrubs, rarely subshrubs or there are lianas. Some species are perennial herbaceous plants. Many species have resin ducts with clear or milky resin that quickly turn black and have a typical ( turpentine ) resin odor. Wood, leaves and fruits can be aromatic and poisonous.

The usually alternate, rarely opposite or, often concentrated in whorls at the ends of branches, arranged leaves often smell aromatic. The leaf blade is undivided or pinnate often unpaired ( exception is the twisted feathered Spondias bipinnata ). The edge of the leaves or leaflets is smooth. Often a black sheet drawing is available. Stipules absent.

Inflorescences and flowers

There shall be a terminal or pendant, or scheindoldige Rispige inflorescences. The bracts are usually small or rarely large; at Dobinea they are membranous and fused with the flower stems. The flowers are hermaphrodite or unisexual. The species can be monoecious ( monoecious ), dioecious ( dioecious ) getrenntgeschlechtig, gynodiözisch or polygamomonözisch be. The relatively small flowers are radial symmetry and three to often fünfzählig. They have a double or single ( sepalin and bract -like at Pistacia ) perianth. Rarely missing the bloom ( Dobinea ). The three to five sepals are fused at the base. The three to five petals are fused free or rarely at the base. There are a ( Anacardium, Mangifera ) or two circles, each with five stamens (rarely twelve stamens ) available. Either all stamens fertile or it's a present to nine staminodes. The more slender stamens are sometimes fused at their base ( Anacardium ). The anthers have four pollen sacs. It is a carpel present or two to five ( rarely up to six) carpels are fused to a syncarp, mostly upper -earth, rare half under constant up from constant ( Peyia, Semecarpus ) ovary in Dracontomelon they are not fully grown. Each ovary compartment contains a apotrope ovule. Often only one carpel is fully developed. The mostly single style ends with one to five scars; sometimes ( Buchanania ) are also three to six pen available. A mostly intrastaminaler, nectar production Diskus is usually in the form clearly. In many of today incorporated into this family genera the flowers and inflorescences are greatly reduced. This meant that they were managed as separate families. Thus, the previous Blepharocaryaceae have compact, involucrate inflorescences, the dioecious getrenntgeschlechtigen previous Julianaceae and Podoaceae missing the female flowers bloom. The wind-pollinated species usually lacks a discus and the bloom.

Infructescences, fruits, seeds and propagation

It drupes are usually formed, but there is in this family have a great abundance of fruit types. The propagation mechanisms are diverse. In two species, Anacardium and Semecarpus, fleshy, edible aril (here called Hypokarp ) formed under the stone fruit, the fruit is formed from the stem and the base of the flower. The only type of Anacardium Anacardium microsepalum absent in the aril, it thrives in wassergefluteten forests of the Amazon and is probably spread by fish. Moreover, three other genera, Mangifera, Poupartiopsis and Spondias, is reported of water distribution. To be spread by the wind, there are different adaptations, such as enlarged sepals ( Astronium, Loxostylis, Myracrodruon, Parishia ), increased Kronhblätter ( Gluta, Swintonia ), broad bracts ( Dobinea ), a wing, which is formed from the flattened inflorescence axis ( Amphipterygium ), and in some species, the edges of the fruit have hair ( Actinocheita, Blepharocarya, Ochoterenaea ). Instead of stone fruits Samaras (wing nuts) are, for some species formed: at Campylopetalum, Cardenasiodendron, Dobinea, Laurophyllus, Pseudosmodingium, Smodingium a membranous wing is around the entire edge of the fruits formed or Faguetia, Loxopterygium, Schinopsis a wing on one side only. Amphipterygium, Orthopterygium form airworthy collecting fruits ( Synkarp ). Dry, achänenartige fruits are formed at Apterokarpos. For Cotinus the fruit stand with long hairy inflorescence axes is the dissemination unit. These adjustments of the winged fruits appear to be associated with colonization of dry habitats. A dry fruit is formed at Dobinea. The epicarp is thin, the mesocarp is usually fleshy, fibrous and the endocarp is hard. The embryo is often curved.

Chromosomes and ingredients

On chromosome numbers n = 7-12, 14-16, 21 were found.

At about a quarter of all kinds, but all of the subfamily Anacardioideae toxic Dihydroxybenzenes occur with long unbranched side chains that result in contact of plant parts to skin irritation. The endosperm is oily and sometimes starchy.

Dissemination

Species from the family of Anacardiaceae are found worldwide in dry to moist areas. They usually thrive in moist lowland habitats. They mainly occur in the tropics and subtropics, but some species also extend into the temperate latitudes. In the New World the spread from Canada to Patagonia enough, there are deposits in Africa, southern Europe, temperate to tropical Asia, tropical to subtropical Australia and on most of the Pacific Islands. No species of this family are available in Northern Europe, temperate and arid Australia, New Zealand, the Galapagos Islands, in extreme desert areas and high altitudes; but they reach altitudes up to 3500 meters. The center of biodiversity is Malaysia's.

System

Taxonomy

Bernard de Jussieu in 1759 presented today classified here genres into one suborder of order " Terebintaceae "; his nephew Antoine Laurent de Jussieu published in 1789, this classification in Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in Horto regio parisiensi exaratam, anno M.DCC.LXXIV ( Apud et Viduam Herissant Theophilum Barrois, Paris). Robert Brown worked the same species in 1818 in the publication by John Murray on the run by James Kingston Tuckey expedition to the Congo and thereby created Herbarium of Christian Smith. Augustin Pyramus de Candolle published in 1824, with Robert Brown's Cassuvlae or Anacardeae, another description of this kinship group with the genera Anacardium, Semecarpus, Holigarna, Mangifera, Buchanania, Pistacia, Astronium, Comocladia and Picramnia. John Lindley Established 1831 a new description of this kinship group with the Anacardieae and Sumachineae, but he gives the name " Terebintaceae " in favor of Anacardiaceae and added to the genera Anacardium, Holigarna, Mangifera, Rhus, Mauria. Type genus is Anacardium L..

The Sumac Family ( Anacardiaceae ) includes four subfamilies with 70-82 genera and about 600 to 800 species.

Breakdown of the family in subfamilies and their genres

One divides the family to SK Pell, 2004 in two subfamilies and tribes a few:

• Anacardioideae Link (syn.: Blepharocaryaceae Airy Shaw, Comocladiaceae Martynov, Julianaceae Hemsley, Lentiscaceae Horaninow, Pistaciaceae Adanson, Podoaceae Franchet, Schinaceae Rafinesque, Vernicaceae link): With about 58 to 60 genera and about 485 species: Actinocheita F.A.Barkley
• Amphipterygium differences ex Standlschmaus. ( Syn: Hypopterygium Schltdl, Juliania Schltdl. . )
• Anacardium L.: With about ten species in the Neotropics: Cashew ( Anacardium occidentale L.)

• Androtium astylum Stapf; it occurs in Malaysia's

• Apterokarpos gardneri ( Engl ) Rizzini; it occurs in Brazil

• Barony taratana Baker; it occurs in Madagascar

• Campylopetalum siamense Forman; it occurs in Thailand

• Cardenasiodendron brachypterum ( Del. ) FABarkley; it occurs in Bolivia

• Smoke Tree ( Cotinus coggygria Scopoli )
• Cotinus nana W. W. Smith
• Cotinus obovata Rafinesque
• Cotinus szechhuanensis Pénzes

• Faguetia falcata Marchand; it occurs in Madagascar.

• Heeria argentea: The home is the capensis.

• Laurophyllus capensis: It is endemic to the Western and Eastern Cape.

• Orthopterygium huaucui ( A. Gray ) Hemsl. ( Syn: Juliania huaucui A. Gray ): The home is Peru.

• Staghorn sumac, also called sumac, ( syn. Rhus typhina L.; syn. Rhus hirta (L.) Sudw. )
• Gewürzsumach ( Rhus coriaria L.)
• Poison ivy ( syn. Toxicodendron ), is now also the genus Rhus.
• Lacquer tree ( Rhus verniciflua Stokes )

• Smodingium argutum E.Mey. ex Sond. , the home is the capensis.

• Spondioideae Link (syn.: Spondiadaceae ): With about ten to 18 genera and about 115 species: Antrocaryon Pierre
• Choerospondias BLBurtt & AWHill, with only one type: Choerospondias axillary ( Roxburgh ) BLBurtt & AWHill: home is Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam.

• Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. ex C.Krauss: This species is native to South Africa and is a common ornamental plant in tropical and subtropical parks and gardens, but is also a robust houseplant.

• Poupartiopsis spondiocarpus Capuron ex J.D.Mitch. & Daly: The home is Madagascar.

Use

Some species and their varieties are grown worldwide ( in the tropics ). They are used for extraction of edible fruits and seeds of the spice extraction ( as the Gerber - sumac ), as a starting material for pharmaceutical products and wood. Some species are used as ornamental plants. Known worldwide are: Mango ( Mangifera indica), pistachio ( Pistacia vera), cashew ( Anacardium occidentale ) and Brazilian pepper tree ( Schinus terebinthifolia ). Other crops are distributed only in their pantropic growing areas, such as Spondias fruit, the Murula ( Sclerocarya birrea ) in Africa or in the Neotropics the Antrocaryon - fruits, their marketing is limited due to poor transport ability.

Swell

• The Anacardiaceae in APWebsite family. (Section Description and systematics)
• Tianlu Min & Anders Barfod: Anacardiaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 11, 2008 S. 335: Online. (Section Description and systematics)
• The Anacardiaceae family, the family of Podoaceae, the family of Pistaciaceae, the family and the family of the Julianaceae Blepharocaryaceae at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. (accessed in March 2010)
• Susan K. Pell: Anacardiaceae: entry, 2009 at the Tree of Life project. (Section Description, distribution, use)
• The International Plant Names Index, accessed on 19 October 2013.