Anastylosis

Anastylosis (Greek αναστήλωσις, εως, from ανα, ana = " back ", " back " and " establish ( a stele or a building ) " στηλόω =; often anastylosis as a derivation of ο στύλος, stylos = " the pillar, column " ) denotes the partial re-establishment of a dilapidated historical building using its original, preserved parts.

Method

The aim of the Anastylosis is to make monuments experienced again, the original substance is largely available in individual parts, but is no longer in a structural context. This can be caused for example by earthquakes or other destructive events.

The remedy is the restoration of the original space. For this, as far as possible the original substance ( stones, bricks, etc.) to use the building. In cases where buildings are in danger of collapsing, they can stone by stone removed, the items analyzed are numbered and cataloged, and then rebuilt; sometimes on a new foundation. Additional new elements and materials (concrete, steel beams, etc.) only in exceptional cases and thereby possible " invisible ", ie covered by original parts used. Static reasons, ie to strengthen the structure, or otherwise not actionable by the lack of workpieces reconstruction of the original parts may require it. Externally visible parts added must be recognizable as such.

In the international Venice Charter 1964, the criteria for a Anastylosis were determined. First, the original appearance of recurrent zurich serviceable parts must be elicited completely and unequivocally by scientific research. Secondly, it must be known by every member of the original space in the building. Third, newly added components must be limited to what is necessary (that is: a newly -built component must never be at the top ) and recognizable as such. Reconstruction work in terms of a hypothetical supplements are therefore not permitted.

Examples

As the first Anastylosis on the Acropolis in Athens, the Nike temple was rebuilt in 1836 from its components. Nikolaos Balanos began in 1902 with the Anastylosis other buildings of the Acropolis, including the Erechtheion, the Propylaea and the correction of Anastylosis of the Nike Temple. His work on the Parthenon were the main damage that had caused the explosion of the Turkish powder magazine in 1687 fix. His use of iron clamps and dowels to connect the components resulted in the passage of time however due to rust serious damage to the original material, so that these had to be removed and replaced with precious metal brackets. Through numerous newly identified fragments, due to excavations and new techniques, the buildings are more complete than 200 years before.

Dutch archaeologists used the Anastylosis 1907-1911 in Buddhist temple Borobudur on Java. The French archaeologist Henri Marchal of the École française d' Extrême -Orient (short EFEO ) was introduced there by Pieter Vincent van stone Callenfels in the method and started from the 1930s during restoration work at Angkor use. The first temple there again constructed in this way was the Banteay Srei.

The method of Anastylosis been steadily developing over the course of the 20th century and found in a variety of archaeological restorations around the world use: from the Acropolis in Athens ( Greece), the Odeon at Troy (Turkey), the Trajansheiligtum in Pergamon (Turkey ), the temple of Heracles in Agrigento (Italy ) to the temples in Petra (Jordan) and My Son (Vietnam). In some cases, the transition to reconstruction is fluid, for example, in the very complex restores the interwar period in the former colony Libya by Italian archaeologists, the stage area of the theater of Sabratha or the arch of Severus in Leptis Magna.

Is contemplated, whether can the Buddha statues of Bamiyan in Afghanistan, which were blown up by the Taliban in 2001, set up again in a Anastylosis. According to estimates by archaeologists about 50 % of the debris are reusable.