Anchor plate

An armature in the construction industry, a device that establishes a connection zugsichere ( anchoring ) of components. An armature absorbs the tensile stresses developed in thrust. Anchors must therefore be made of material that can be subjected to train, so they are usually made of wood or iron or steel, not made of stone or concrete (but probably reinforced concrete ). More anchors that are used in civil engineering and geotechnics, under anchor ( Geotechnical ) are shown.

Wall anchors

A wall anchor is a metal part (usually made ​​of iron or steel) that occur in a wall or wall that receives tensile forces lying behind the wall structure. The anchor consists of two elements: firstly, the bar or the metal rod, the or extends into the building which is to be connected to the wall. This bar anchor as a running backs in the depth of the building beams connecting the wall with the building structure. (Today most assume ring beam reinforced concrete this task. ) To the other lying in the wall (iron ) element that secures the anchor. With a wooden beam of the anchor head is formed is attached by nails or screws on the flat iron bar, which is provided with an eye to the eye. Through this loop is a Ankersplint which is immured in the masonry or exterior rests on the masonry, inserted. Ankersplint this is the simplest case a flat iron, which is compressed in the middle, so that it does not fall through the loop.

Ornamental anchor

Cross anchor

Since wall anchors are visible predominantly open on the facade, the Ankersplinte were forged in more complex buildings artfully decorative anchors or as Doppelsplint to a cross anchor. Often they are also shaped as numbers and letters in a symmetrical arrangement, which indicate the year of construction and the building owner ( with his initials ) or they were decorated with forged ornaments or rosettes. Wall anchors have been known since ancient times and were built up in the 19th century both preventive (eg, by declining soil ) and subsequently with already occurred cracking. A tipping example of a facade of the building is thus prevented.

Tie rods, anchor bar

Tie rods or the anchor bar can be used to receive the thrust action of arches and vaults. Tie rods were often built as a temporary backup of the vault and then sawed off after the vault had become stable by curing of the mortar ( detected in the Chartres Cathedral and Westminster Abbey ). For other buildings were left the tie rods to secure the vault under construction. Especially in brick buildings was customary. In the Middle Ages there was tension rod of wooden beams, but mostly as a combination of wooden beams and flat iron and Eisensplinten (see wall anchors ).

The anchor beams of a half-timbered house or roof structure ensures pushed apart by the thrust of the rafters longitudinal walls by connecting the two rafters ( the truss ) to a non-positive triangle. Either the rafters at their base by the anchor bars are directly connected, or the two stands, on which rest the rafters are connected.

Gable anchor

Since a gable is not anchored in the wall composite, it is unstable. In strong wind load, he would fall over immediately. Therefore, the gable is anchored with a gable anchor in the floor joists and roof trusses. Since the joists parallel to the gable, the gable anchor is placed at least two beams and connected. If the gable anchored to the roof structure, it is usually connected to the purlins. These have headbands already a longitudinal reinforcement and can stabilize the gable.

If a gable arises simultaneously with the house, he is brick interlocked usually always with the facade, the central wall and the rear wall (vertical connection). In addition, while there is a multiple horizontal connections in each ceiling level over at least two ceiling beams with so-called flat steel anchors, without taking the right on the gable applied coating bar to complete. Assumption here is parallel to the floor joists gable.

Really freestanding gable arise when a house is demolished, to which the gable originally belonged. In some states, it was admitted that in a number of buildings could easily be grown dull, without its own gable doing hochzumauern with. If a house is now torn away with its own toothed gables without that previously anchored to the remaining neighbor's house, it is very likely to come to an immediate collapse of this pediment, if this has been previously isolated from the demolition substance and the stiffening effect of the ceiling planes and longitudinal walls of the demolition of the house is removed.

There are now methods that make it possible to effectively anchor such a pediment from demolition to the remaining neighbor's house, without affecting the residents be affected in any way. The connection of a gable exclusively to the roof structure is common and reasonably effective only for single-storey houses. In multi-storey buildings, the connection is made vertically through and in each ceiling level.

Ring beam

A ring beam is a ring-shaped closed component of wood or iron which is intended to prevent disintegration of the enclosed components. It is used in domes and vaults of the monastery to accommodate the introduced into the containment walls ( vaulted ) thrust. Composed of purse anchor of separate components, the connections must be mutually taking up sufficient tensile stresses.

Historical examples

Famous example of such a design is the dome of the cathedral of Florence. The same kind of iron ring anchor find there are already at the Carolingian dome of Aachen Cathedral, probably from the time it was built ( around 800). The shear forces occurring at the choir polygons of Gothic churches of the vault and the roof structure can be also neutralized by a ring beam. This is especially necessary if the walls like since the High Gothic are common weakened by large areas of glass in their resistance. Examples can be found in the choirs of the Dome of Cologne and Aachen Finally, emerging in large height walls are also at the Towers to be secured by a ring beam, even with buildings on a square plan, but especially at Oktogontürmen with pointed spiers, exercise the diagonal forces. Prominent examples are the tower of the Freiburg Minster with multiple ring anchor locations and other similarly constructed examples ( spiers Cathedral of Magdeburg ). Often ring anchors are subsequently introduced in the historic preservation construction for upgrading of construction or installed in the reconstruction of historic stone domes as additional security, as in the Dresden Frauenkirche. In addition, ring anchors are also used to trap the thrust of roof works.

In conventionally fabricated houses ( stone by stone ), the ring anchor reinforcing steel that are cast for corrosion protection in concrete. Find use, for example ring beam at the top of masonry walls in buildings from two floors and walls with many large wall openings and lengths of over 18 meters, when the soil conditions require it. Here they provide the slab effect the wall safe by training a drawstring in the masonry. Commonly, the ring beam is designed as a closed polygon, that is circulating around the building, either in the slab edge as reinforcement in the ceiling plate or, for example as pickled sheet-metal strips in masonry walls, hence the name " ring " anchor. The function of the ring beams in buildings without shear-resistant floor slabs (eg, wood-beamed ceilings ) can also be acquired by the ring beam, which must then be sized for separately.

Strand

Strand are geotechnical components that are used in rock engineering and in the slope protection used. They generally consist of seven wires of high tensile steel. They are inserted into a drilled hole and secured to the ground with cement mortar or resin (anchored). The air-side end is clamped to the borehole mouth with jigs and fixed with pins and anchor plates. The counterpart to the Strand is the anchor rod.

Sheet pile anchor

Sheet pile anchor find their application in the anchoring of permanent or temporary ( less than 2 years) sheet pile structures. For permanent anchors the corrosion protection is of great importance. The anchors can horizontally as " dead man's" design are inclined used as so-called anchor with an anchor or wall. The anchor material in horizontal anchored structures is usually a round steel mild steel (S355 ). In so-called helical anchor ( injection pile ) can be used alternatively a THREAD steel.

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