Animal husbandry

Livestock refers to the self-responsible care of the people for an animal over which he has the factual or legal power of disposal. Core aspects of animal husbandry are the nutrition, care and accommodation of the animal. One distinguishes the attitude of farm animals, pets and wild animals mainly.

• 3.1 Liability Law ( Germany ) 3.1.1 The term pet owners
• 3.1.2 Strict liability ( § 833 S. 1 BGB )

• 3.2.1 Land law ( Germany )
• 3.2.2 Federal Law ( Germany ) and European Law

Categories

Primary distinction is made between three categories - the economic, the Home and the wild animals - a distinction. While wild animals are never domesticated, livestock are usually pets. Pet animals can be domesticated.

Livestock

Animal husbandry is the keeping of animals (mostly pets) for economic reasons (food supply, source of raw materials, transportation and means of transportation ).

A particular feature is the growing regional demand or the development of adapted breeds and their development over time:

• The attitude of work and pack animals (horse, donkey, camel, llama, elephant, etc. ) in a broader sense of waking animals ( dog) and animals of pest and vermin control (cat, mongoose, etc. ) as well as hunting companions (eg, hunting dog, falconry )

• Pig production is the most important segment of the meat supply of the non - Islamic societies. The selection of pig breeds and husbandry follow the demand developments in the meat sector.
• The beef industry for the production of milk, meat, and to a limited extent traction. The common cattle breeds differ significantly in performance characteristics.
• Keeping horses, primarily in Asia ever changed for milk and meat production in Europe from the draft animal agriculture for leisure companion. The different breeds of horses are the most diverse requirements.
• Sheep farming for the production of meat and wool has achieved racial and national differences.
• Poultry production is used for production of eggs and poultry meat. A distinction cage, barn and free -range. The diverse chicken breeds be preserved and further developed by poultry breeding clubs.
• As well as the attitude of many other animals such as goats, domestic donkeys, camels and Neuweltkamele (Lama, among others. ), Ren, and many others.

• Fur farming
• Sericulture
• And other products such as leather, feathers, etc.
• For the production of medical and pharmaceutical preparations (about farm animals for vaccine preparations, or of drugs from blood and milk)

A distinction is made in the livestock sector

• Extensive livestock farming from intensive animal husbandry, the latter has won agro historically only been a relatively short time in the developed countries important.
• The conventional animal husbandry of organic livestock.

Pet ownership

The keeping of pets is the keeping of animals of any kind, ie wild, domestic, but also domestic animals, in private households. Pets can be both domesticated domestic animals or pets, and non- domesticated wild animals.

Wild animals

The wild animals is the keeping of wild, non- domesticated animals from a variety of different and in the history of ever- changing reasons ( meat production, prestige, entertainment, hobby, hunting, science, education, nature conservation and species protection):

• Agricultural Wildhaltung
• Zoo animal husbandry ( zoos, menageries, marine theme parks and dolphinaria )
• Hunting and fighting ( aquariums, vivariums )

The enclosure attitude of deer (especially red, fallow and roe ) for the production of wild game meat is expected to more wild animals - here begin the borders to merge on animal husbandry; also deer will now domesticated breeding. The same applies analogously for fur animals. The keeping of animals for the production of medical and pharmaceutical preparations also lies in the border region: The position of snakes for the production of antivenom or monkeys for medical research is still attributable to the keeping of wild animals, other animals are more or less domesticated or on the way to domestication.

Animal husbandry in the criticism

The various forms of animal husbandry were and are constantly in the criticism. Today, there are a wide range of willingness to compromise, to militant opponents of certain animal husbandry - animal rights activists, animal rights activists, but also people who want to keep animals themselves and improve their conditions. Both the person responsible for factory farming as well as those for the Zoological Gardens have dealt with the criticism. In Britain, the criticism from animal rights activists has so led to the closure of all dolphinaria. In 2004, the Belgian government banned the keeping of wild animals in circuses. Largely uncontroversial, however, is in the public discourse pet ownership, although certain housing conditions may be cause for criticism here.

In connection with the criticism of the livestock are often the terms " species level " or used " appropriate conditions ", which are essentially identical. The term " welfare " is relative, as it needs to be redefined for each species and thus is not sufficient as a categorization of a particular form of entertainment. In addition, constantly redefined by new insights of behavioral biology and insights from animal owners, the term in spite of established criteria in relation to a particular species. Welfare is therefore highly dependent on time. In animal husbandry it is of limited use as an antonym of factory farming. It is better to regard the animal husbandry of organic farming as a countermovement to factory farming is.

The keeping of wild animals is sometimes referred to by animal rights activists as captivity.

Legal provisions

The legal requirements for animal husbandry can be roughly divided into norms that govern the relationship between private individuals ( civil law ), and standards, in which the state to the citizen something in the relationship of superiority and subordination prescribed ( Public Law ), divided. In civil law, especially tort law plays an important role, but other areas such as the tenancy may be important. In public law, regulations can be found on the keeping of animals, particularly in emergency law, but also in the nature conservation and species protection law.

Liability Law ( Germany )

The livestock sector is the so-called animal owner liability in Germany.

After this the animal owner can be held liable for the harm caused by his animal. This concerns the civil liability for economic damages in the law of obligations, more precisely in the law of tort or tort law (as opposed to public accountability in emergency law). It is governed by § 833 of the German Civil Code (BGB ).

Damage caused by small pets are covered by personal liability insurance for dogs and horses, there are keepers liability insurance, which are even required in some state laws for dogs.

The term pet owners

The pet owner liability is based on the concept of the keeper. Holder of the animal is the one that usually can determine about the animal ( determining power), that of self-interest for the costs ( entertainment) of the animal comes up, benefit the general advantage of the animal ( value and benefits) and the economic risk of loss of the animal ( risk of loss ) contributes.

The term pet owner is not going to be equated with the term owner. In practice, the holder is regularly but the owner or someone who behaves like an owner. A frequent contrast to possession ( within the meaning of the Civil Code) could be seen to animal keepers in the durability of the relationship: Who borrows a dog for a walk, though is owner, but not pet owners.

Strict liability ( § 833 S. 1 BGB )

Basically, a pet owner is liable for damages caused by his animal. This is for example the case when a horse deflects or bites, or when a dog starts a third party or bites. The reason for this strict liability is the unpredictable animal behavior peculiar risk (specific risk animal ).

In contrast, no case of pet owners liability exists when an animal is under the direction of a person and obey the will of this man. This would be the case if a rider (not the holder ) aware about riding a third party or someone orders the dog of the keeper to bite a third party ( hunted dog).

Liability under § 833 sentence 1 BGB occurs as a so-called " strict liability " without fault of the keeper one. Only when

The holder has the option to carry a proof of exoneration. The liability does not occur in this case, if the holder of the tame domestic animal can prove that he has spent reasonable care, or loss by taking reasonable care could not have been averted. Holders of so-called luxury animals or wild animals is this exculpatory evidence not disclosed, they always stick regardless of fault.

Public Law (esp. emergency law)

Which animals may be ever held, aimed primarily on whether concrete or abstract seen these animals pose a risk. Therefore, this is primarily determined by the emergency law, also called the police right ( part of public law ). The emergency law in Germany is almost always the states.

But on the other hand, the interests and needs of the animals and nature are observed. Rules this can be found in the Nature Conservation Act and the Wildlife Trade Regulation, but also in general in the animal protection law.

State law ( Germany )

What kinds may be kept as pets, so decide especially the states. As the first state of Hesse led by the change of the Hessian law on public order and safety in October 2007, a ban on wild animals. Under this law fall next several scorpion venom and spider species especially reptiles such as crocodiles and some choking and numerous venomous snake species. The regulation applies only to the attitude to private and non-commercial purposes. Thus zoos do not fall under this regulation. For animals that were already in private ownership on the date of change in the law, grandfathering applies with duty of disclosure.

Federal law ( Germany ) and European Law

For several years there has been in the European Union ( EU) and Germany legal provisions (but not all ) regulate a variety of forms of wild animals. The purpose of these provisions is not only to protect people from animals, but in particular the protection of individual animals or species from human (animal protection law and natural or conservation law). Thus, since 1999 in the EU Directive on the keeping of wild animals in zoos. In Germany since March 2002 regulates the § 51 of the Act Amending the law of nature protection and landscape conservation and adaptation of other legislation ( BNatSchGNeuregG ) or the individual conservation laws of the states all matters relating to the keeping of animals in zoos. Goods zoos previously virtually facilities without statutory supervisory authority, they have since then submit individual species for violations or can even be closed.

History of animal husbandry

Domestication of wild animal species began as pure livestock after the end of the last Ice Age and the beginning of the Holocene, about 10,000 years ago. The first representatives of this livestock included the aurochs, wild boar and the wolf. Since then, breeding and keeping animals for farming and have other economic ( Nutztierhaltungs ) purposes progressed steadily.

The pet ownership extends far back in human history. For a variety of personal, sometimes for religious reasons animals have been domesticated to live in the society of man. The keeping of pets so different from the livestock in that the held animal serves no special economic purpose as a source of food, raw material supplier, or protection from other animals. The earliest known pet is according to historical sources, the cat was domesticated in ancient Egypt, and finally worshiped as a deity.

As the livestock ran through the pet keeping the entire history and was widespread on all continents and in most cultures. Today it is an important social phenomenon, especially in Western societies. Most are dogs and cats, but also kept birds and rodents, which build the owners usually have a personal bond. The keeping of pets is therefore also become a significant economic factor by selling a number of products.

Unlike the Home and livestock, the wild animals in the story was less common. First of all civilizations contributed to the luxury, wild animals without economic benefit in their care to keep. Only cultures that had developed division of labor and a complex hierarchy of domination had managed to find the material and human resources to such livestock, because in wild animals is no domestication of the species concerned. The animals remain therefore only under certain security conditions in captivity. But this was intended, because the natural heritage as a carrier of the "wild" and in the story often interpreted as dangerous and unruly appearance should be preserved. The wild animals used in most cases, the representation of power and wealth. In some species such as the cheetah today threatened with extinction, this has led to a massive reduction in the total number of animals.

Only with the establishment of scientific disciplines in the 18th and especially the 19th century changed the reasons and goals of keeping wild animals. The founder of the first zoos were encountered with the aim to establish scientific institutions. So the name "Zoologischer Garten" refers, for the first time in 1828 London was used, on these scientific claim. The tasks of the zoos have continued to evolve over the course of history. Today, scientifically conducted zoos define their duties as nature protection ( conservation ), education, research and recreation.