Anisophylleaceae

Anisophylleaceae are a plant family within the order of pumpkin -like ( Cucurbitales ). The family has a pantropical distribution and species thrive in moist forests and swamps.

Description

There are trees or shrubs. The alternate and spirally or two - or four-line (on some Anisophyllea species) arranged leaves are simple and usually leathery. The leaves are often asymmetrical at the base, of which the botanical name is derived from: aniso for unequal and phyllon for leaf. In Combretocarpus is available Heterophyllie. The leaf margin is smooth. The leaves are often yellow in drying. Stipules are minute or absent.

There are hermaphrodite (only for Combretocarpus ) or unisexual flowers. In most taxa, the flowers are unisexual and the plants are monoecious getrenntgeschlechtig ( monoecious ). In the axils leafless branches are Rispige, racemose or zymöse inflorescences. The small flowers with radial symmetry have a double perianth. The flowers ( two to five ) usually three or fourfold. There are usually four each ( three to 16) free sepals and petals present. There are two circles, each with four free stamens present; either all fertile or some sterile staminodes. The anthers are small. A lobed disc surrounds at the base of the stamens, the tip of the ovary. Three to four carpels are fused to an under standing, three to vierkammerigen ovary. There are three to four free pen available. Inside each ovary chamber only one or two hanging, anatrope, ovules. It seems to viviparity.

Are formed different fruits: rare fruit capsules, Samara at Combretocarpus and most stone fruit. The fruits usually contain only one in Poga three to four seeds. The seeds are winged or wingless. The seeds contain no endosperm and only small cotyledons.

Systematics and distribution

It is a tropical family with showy disjunctions on the genus level. In South America, there are two types, on the African continent five to nine species in Madagascar and in a kind of Malaysia's 15 to 19 species.

Anisophylleaceae is the number at the most isolated plant family within the order of pumpkin -like ( Cucurbitales ). Previously there was a separate order Anisophylleales. The taxa were already classified in the Rhizophoraceae.

The Anisophylleaceae family was erected in 1922 under the name " Anisophylleae " by Henry Nicholas Ridley in The Flora of the Malay Peninsula 1, p 700. Type genus is Anisophyllea R.Br. ex Sabine. A synonym for Anisophylleaceae ( Schimp. ) Ridl. is Polygonanthaceae Croizat.

In the family of Anisophylleaceae there are four genera with about 25 to 34 species:

  • Anisophyllea R.Br. ex Sabine ( Syn: Anisophyllum G.Don, orth var, Tetracarpaea Benth. ): With about 30 species (selection): Anisophyllea apetala Scortech. ex King
  • Anisophyllea boehmii Engl
  • Anisophyllea beccariana Baill.
  • Anisophyllea cabole Henriq.
  • Anisophyllea chartacea Madani
  • Anisophyllea cinnamomoides (Gardner & Champ. ) Alston
  • Anisophyllea corneri Ding Hou
  • Anisophyllea curtisii King
  • Anisophyllea disticha (Jack) Baillon
  • Anisophyllea fallax Scott -Elliot: This species is native to Madagascar.
  • Anisophyllea ferruginea Ding Hou
  • Anisophyllea globosa Madani
  • Anisophyllea grandis ( Benth. ) Burkill
  • Anisophyllea griffithii Oliver
  • Anisophyllea impressinervia Madani
  • Anisophyllea laurina R.Br. ex Sabine
  • Anisophyllea manausensis Pires & W.A.Rodrigues
  • Anisophyllea meniaudi Aubrev. & Pellegr.
  • Anisophyllea myriosticta J.- J.Floret
  • Anisophyllea nitida Madani
  • Anisophyllea obtusifolia Engl & Brehmer
  • Anisophyllea polyneura Floret
  • Anisophyllea pomifera Engl & Brehmer
  • Anisophyllea purpurascens Hutchinson & Dalziel
  • Anisophyllea reticulata Kochummen
  • Anisophyllea rhomboidea Baill.
  • Anisophyllea sororia Pierre
  • Combretocarpus Hook. f: with only one type: Combretocarpus rotundatus ( Miq. ) Danser ( Syn: Combretocarpus motleyi Hook f. ): The home is in the Malay Archipelago ( Sumatra and Borneo).
  • Poga oleosa Pierre: The home ranges of Nigeria to the Congo region; where this species grows in the rain forests, often along rivers and on the coast.
  • Polygonanthus amazonicus Ducke
  • Polygonanthus punctulatus Kuhlm.

Use

Only a few species are used by humans.

Important holzliefernde species are Combretocarpus rotundatus and Poga oleosa.

From the seeds of Poga oleosa edible oil is obtained.

Anisophyllea laurina forms an edible fruit; as " Monkey Apple " designated fruit is sold in the markets of Sierra Leone April to May.

Swell

  • Description of the family of Anisophylleaceae in APWebsite. (Section Description and systematics)
  • Description of the family of Anisophylleaceae at DELTA. ( Description section )
  • Li- Bing Zhang, Mark P. Simmons, Susanne S. Renner: A phylogeny of Anisophylleaceae based on six nuclear and plastid loci: Ancient disjunctions and recent dispersal in between South America, Africa, and Asia, In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 44, 2007, pp. 1057-1067: PDF online. ( Section use, distribution, and systematics)
  • Ghillean T. Prance: Flora da Reserva Ducke, Amazonas, Brasil: Anisophylleaceae, In: Rodriguésia, 58 (3 ), 2007, pp. 485-486: PDF Online. ( Description section )
  • Andrea E. Schwarzbach & Robert E. Ricklefs: Systematic affinities of Rhizophoraceae and Anisophylleaceae, and intergeneric relationships within Rhizophoraceae, based on chloroplast DNA, nuclear ribosomal DNA, and morphology. American Journal of Botany, 87, 2000, pp. 547-564. Online.
  • Merran L. Matthews, Peter K. Endress Jörg Schönberger & Else Marie Friis: A Comparison of Floral Structures of Anisophylleaceae and Cunoniaceae and the Problem of Their Systematic position, In: . Annals of Botany 88, 2001, pp. 439-455. Online. (PDF, 10.0 MB )
Rosids Wilhelm Philippe Schimper Ovary (botany) Drupe Disjunct distribution Malesia Joseph Sabine Henri Ernest Baillon Joseph Dalton Hooker Amazon River Wood Agricultural Research Service
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