Anthemideae

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla )

The Anthemideae are a tribe in the subfamily of herbaceous within the sunflower family ( Asteraceae). The Tribe Anthemideae contains about (100 to ) 110 genera with about 1750 species. Among other things, it contains genres such as yarrow, Artemisia or dog chamomile, as well as chamomile, daisies or chrysanthemums.

  • 4.1 Notes and references

Description

Vegetative characteristics

There are one-, two-year to perennial herbaceous plants or woody plants form as subshrubs or shrubs. Many species possess an aromatic fragrance, especially the leaves.

They have constant change, often against permanent or summarized in rosette leaves, which are usually divided into petiole and leaf blade. The leaf blades are rarely simple, usually they are divided, fingered or lobed. The leaf edges are smooth to toothed or serrated.

Generative features

The bloom conditions are sometimes individually or in groups to few, mostly they stand together in branched, very differently constructed total inflorescences. The baskets usually contain both usually one, rarely more rows of tabs ( ray florets ) and tubular flowers ( disc florets ) (see illustration). There are usually two to four, rarely up to seven rows of bracts present. The basket bottom is flat, convex to conical. Chaff leaves are present or absent.

The zygomorphen two to tridentate ray florets are usually female and fertile, rarely they are sterile. The colors of the ray flowers ranging from yellow, white, various shades of purple to pink -colored to reddish rare. The radial symmetry, four - or five lobe tubular flowers are always fertile and usually hermaphrodite, rarely functionally male. The tubular flowers are usually rare pink to purple. The anthers have appendages. The pollen surface has spines or they are missing ( for example, without Ajaniopsis, Artemisia, Kaschgarica, Neopallasia ).

The achenes in a fruit stand are mostly all the same, rarely distinctly different. The achenes are sometimes winged, usually without pappus when a pappus is present then it usually consists of a few scales, or is designed as a membranous hem.

Systematics and distribution

The distribution of the tribe Anthemideae is almost worldwide. There are few species in the tropics. However, most species are native to the Old World: Eurasia, North and South Africa. Especially many species are found in Central Asia, the Mediterranean region and in the Capensis. Fewer species there are in North America and Australasia. 29 genera are found only in the southern hemisphere or having the center of their biodiversity; There are about 290 species. In Pakistan, 22 genera come up with about 91 species in China about 26 genera and 26 species in North America with about 99 species.

The publication of the tribe Anthemideae was made by Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini in 1815 in Bull. Philom. Paris, pp. 173 and 1819 in the Journal de Physique, de Chimie et d' Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 88, pp. 192

The tribe is divided into 14 Anthemideae subtribe after Oberprieler, Kingdom of Heaven & Vogt 2007, and contains about 111 genera ( complete list, as of 2011) with about 1750 to 1800 species:

  • Subtribe Anthemidinae ( Cass. ) Dum. Approximately six genera: Dog Chamomile ( Anthemis L. ) with about 115 to 150 species of Pakistan and Central Asia westward to North Africa and Europe.
  • Archanthemis Lo Presti & Oberpr.
  • Cota J.Gay ex cast. Having about 40 species from the Mediterranean to Asia Minor.
  • Nananthea DC:. Using the single species: Nananthea perpusilla ( Loisel. ) DC. , Only in Sardinia and Corsica.
  • Ajania Polyakov: with about 34 species in temperate Asia: in China, Central Asia, Japan, Afghanistan and Pakistan.
  • Arctanthemum ( Tzvelev ) Tzvelev: with only two species in Finland and Russia.
  • Mugwort (Artemisia L., Syn: .. Absinthium Mill, Chamartemisia Rydb, Elachanthemum Y.Ling & YRLing, oligosporus Cass, Seriphidium (Better ex Hook ) Fourr. . ): About ( 380 ) 522 species on the Northern Hemisphere, in South America, South Africa and the Pacific Islands.
  • Artemisiella Ghafoor: the only kind: Artemisiella stracheyii ( Hook.f. & Thomson ex CBClarke ) Ghafoor: It is in the Alpine regions in Pakistan (Kashmir, Ladakh ), distributed in southwestern China, Nepal, Bhutan and northern India.
  • Filifolium sibiricum (L.) Kitam. It occurs in Siberia, Korea and the Chinese provinces of Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Monggol and Shanxi.
  • Mausolea eriocarpa ( Bunge) Podlech: It occurs in Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia.
  • Neopallasia pectinata: native to central Asia, southern Siberia, Mongolia and China.
  • Picrothamnus desertorum Nuttall: It is native to western North America.
  • Adenoglossa B.Nord. Using the single species: Adenoglossa decurrens: is located in the Capensis.
  • Adenanthellum B.Nord. ( Syn: . Adenanthemum B.Nord ) with the only kind:
  • Adenanthellum osmitoides: It is native to the capensis.
  • Cotula ( Cotula L., Syn: Sphaeroclinium ( DC.) Sch.Bip. ): With a total of about (44 to ) 55 species in the southern hemisphere; mainly in the Capensis with impact in eastern Africa, in South America as well as Mexico and Australia and New Zealand. Only a few species can be found on the Arabian Peninsula and in North Africa, or in northeastern Asia, with two species in China and Pakistan, as well as the southern oceanic islands.
  • Hilliardia B.Nord. Using the single species:
  • Hilliardia zuurbergensis: It is native to the capensis.
  • Hippia L.: The eight species are native to the capensis.
  • Inezia E.Phillips: The only two species are native to the capensis. ( There is also a species of bird Inezia Cherrie, 1909 in South America)
  • Leptinella Cass. Approximately 33 species in New Guinea, Australia, Neuses country, South America, the Falkland Islands and other subantarctic islands.
  • Lidbeckia PJBergius: The only two species are native to the capensis.
  • Schistostephium Less. ( Syn: Peyrousea DC. ): There are about twelve species in southern and tropical Africa, nine in the capensis.
  • Soliwa Ruiz & Pav ( Syn: Gymnostyles Juss. ): There are eight species, most are native to South America, there are species in North America and Australia. Soliva sessilis is an invasive plant in South Africa. Soliwa anthemifolia is an invasive plant in China.
  • Thaminophyllum Harv. The three species are endemic to the Western capensis.
  • Argyranthemum Webb ex Sch.Bip. ( Syn. Chrysanthemum L. sect argyranthemum ( Webb ex Sch.Bip ) Bentham & Hook f, Chrysanthemum L. sect Magarsa DC.. .. . ) With about 24 species mainly in the Canary Islands ( Macaronesia ), for example: Strauchmargerite ( Argyranthemum frutescens (L.) Sch.Bip, Syn. Chrysanthemum frutescens L. ): Your grades are worldwide used as bedding and balcony plant.
  • Crown daisy ( Glebionis coronaria (L.) Cass. Ex Spach )
  • Seeds marigold ( Glebionis segetum (L.) Fourn. )
  • Heteranthemis viscidihirta Schott: It is native to the Mediterranean region in northwestern Africa.
  • Colorful Wucherblume ( Ismelia carinata ( Schousb. ) Sch.Bip. ): She is originally native to northwestern Africa. It is used as an ornamental plant and is used in many parts of the world wild ( neophyte ).
  • Allardia Decne. ( Syn: Waldheimia Kar & Kir. ): About eight alpine species in Afghanistan, Central Asia and the Himalayas; including six species in Pakistan.
  • Handelia Heimerl: the only kind: Handelia trichophylla ( Schrenk ) Heimerl: It is native to Central Asia, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan and China.
  • Lepidolopsis turkestanica ( rule & Schmalh. ) Polyakov: It is native to Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia.
  • Pseudohandelia umbellifera ( Boiss. ) Tzvelev: She's coming in Iran, Afghanistan, Central Asia, Pakistan and China's Xinjiang province.
  • Chlamydophora Ehrenb. Less ex: . using the single species: Chlamydophora tridentata ( Delile ) Less: . It is native to southern and eastern Mediterranean.
  • Glossopappus Macrotus ( Durieu ) Briq. & Cavill. It is native to the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa.
  • Castrilanthemum Vogt & Oberpr. Using the single species: Castrilanthemum debeauxii ( Degen & al. ) Vogt & Oberpr. The home is Spain.
  • Hymenostemma pseudanthemis ( Kunze ) Willk. It is native to Morocco and Spain.
  • Prolongoa hispanica G.López & CEJarvis: The home is Spain.
  • Yarrow (Achillea L., Syn: Leucocyclus Boiss. ) With about 115 ( to 211 ) species in Eurasia and throughout the Mediterranean. Also in North America.
  • Anacyclus L.: with about twelve species in Südeurope, North Africa and Western Asia.
  • Heliocauta Humphries: the only kind: Heliocauta atlantica ( Litard. & Maire ) Humphries: It occurs only in Morocco.
  • Otanthus maritimus Hoffmann. & Link in North Africa and in Asia Minor.
  • Osmitopsis Cass. Approximately nine species in the Capensis.
  • Cymbopappus B.Nord. The only three species are native to the capensis.
  • Foveolina Källersjö: The five species are native to the capensis.
  • Maras Modes DC. The eight species are endemic to the Western capensis.
  • Myxopappus Källersjö: The only two species are native to the capensis.
  • Oncosiphon Källersjö: The eight species are native to the capensis.
  • Pentzia Thunb. The 23 species are native to Africa, 21 of which grow in the Capensis.
  • Rennera Merxm. The four types are located in the Capensis.
  • Eumorphia DC. The six species are native to the capensis.
  • Gymnopentzia Benth. , With the only type: Gymnopentzia bifurcata: It is native to the capensis.
  • Roman Chamomile ( Chamaemelum Mill, Syn: Ormenis ( Cass. ) Cass. ): With only two ( or six ) species in Europe and North Africa.
  • Cladanthus Cass. Approximately five species from the Mediterranean to Asia Minor. Some species are neophytes in many areas of the world.
  • Mecomischus Coss. ex Benth. & Hook. f: with only two species in North Africa.
  • Rhetinolepis Coss. Using the single species: Rhetinolepis lonadioides Coss. It is native to North Africa.
  • Dillblättrige Bears chamomile ( Ursinia anethoides ( DC.) NEBr. )
  • Colorful Bear chamomile ( Ursinia anthemoides (L.) Poir. )
  • Lovely Bear chamomile ( Ursinia speciosa DC. )
  • Aaronsohnia Warblers. & Eig: two species from North Africa to Asia Minor.
  • Ajaniopsis C.Shih: the only kind: Ajaniopsis penicilliformis C.Shih: endemic to the Chinese Xizang province.
  • Brocchia cinerea ( Delile ) Vis.
  • Cancriniella krascheninnikovii ( N.Rubtz. ) Tzvelev: in Central Asia.
  • Daveaua anthemoides Mariz: in the Mediterranean.
  • Elachanthemum intricatum ( Franch. ) Y.Ling & YRLing: The home is China.
  • Endopappus macrocarpus Sch.Bip. Northern Africa.
  • Hulteniella integrifolia ( Richardson ) Tzvelev: The range extends from northern Canada through Alaska to northern Eurasia.
  • Lepidophorum repandum (L. ) DC. On the Iberian Peninsula.
  • Leucocyclus formosus Boiss. It occurs only in Turkey.
  • Yellow Ageratum ( Lonas annua ): The home is the north-western Africa and Sicily.
  • Nivellea nivellei ( Braun-Blanq. & Maire ) BHWilcox & al.: Only in Morocco.
  • Opisthopappus taihangensis ( Y.Ling ) C.Shih: a Chinese endemic of Taihangshan Mountains, on mountain slopes at an altitude of about 1000 meters in the provinces of Hebei, Henan, Shanxi.
  • Otospermum glabrum ( Lag ) Willk. On the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa.
  • Polychrysum tadshikorum ( Kudr. ) Kovalevsk: in Central Asia and Afghanistan.
  • Tridactylina kirilowii ( DC.) Sch.Bip. The home is the eastern Siberia.
  • Ugamia angrenica ( Krasch. ) Pavlov.

Use

Few species are used as vegetables: Colorful Wucherblume ( Ismelia carinata ), Crown Wucherblume ( Glebionis coronaria ) and sowing marigold ( Glebionis segetum ).

In the Tribe Anthemideae many medicinal and aromatic plants can be found with essential oils. The best-known representatives are the genuine chamomile ( Matricaria genus ). Other important genera are: medicinal plants species such as chamomile ( Anthemis ), yarrow (Achillea ), mugwort (Artemisia ), as well as herbs such as tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus ).

An ornamental plants are best known chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum ) and daisies ( Leucanthemum ).

Insecticides ( pyrethrum ) are obtained for example from various Tanacetum species. Is used medically for example, Artemisia capillaris.

Swell

  • Theodore M. Barkley, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother: Asteraceae tribe Anthemideae. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee ( eds.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: unranked, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 ( Mutisieae - Anthemideae ), Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford et al, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9, p 485, HTML version on efloras.org (Sections Description and systematics).
  • Yourun Lin (Ling Yuou - ruen ), Zhu Shi, Christopher J. Humphries, Michael G. Gilbert: In Wu Zheng -yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China. Volume 20-21: Asteraceae, Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0, pp. 653, PDF, HTML version on efloras.org (Sections Description and systematics).
  • Abdul Ghafoor: Flora of Pakistan 207: Asteraceae (I) - Anthemideae. University of Karachi, Department of Botany / Missouri Botanical Press, Karachi / St. Louis in 2002, HTML version on efloras.org.
  • Christoph Oberprieler, Robert Vogt, LE Watson: Tribe Anthemideae. In: Joachim W. Kadereit, Charles Jeffrey (ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume 8: Flowering Plants. Eudicots. Asterales. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-31050-1, pp. 342-373, doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-31051-8 ( limited preview on Google Book Search ).
  • Tribe Senecioneae in southern Africa. the Biodiversity Explorer of Iziko Museums of Cape Town.
  • Werner Greuter: Anthemideae. In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab - Straube ( Eds.): Compositae. Euro Med Plant Base - the information resource for Euro - Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006 ff ( section systematics).
  • Sven kingdom of heaven, Mari Källersjö, P. Eldenäs, Christoph Oberprieler: Phylogeny of southern hemisphere Compositae - Anthemideae based on nrDNA ITS and cpDNA ndhF sequence information. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution. Volume 272, No. 1-4, 2008, pp. 131-153, DOI: 10.1007/s00606-007-0634-y.
  • Christoph Oberprieler, Sven kingdom of heaven, Mari Källersjö, Joan Vallès, Linda E. Watson, Robert Vogt: Tribe Anthemideae Cass. In: Vicki A. Funk, A. Susanna, Stuessy death, R. Bayer ( eds.): Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of the Compositae. International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT ), Washington / Vienna, 2009, ISBN 978-3-9501754-3-1, pp. 631-666, PDF.
  • Christoph Oberprieler, Sven kingdom of heaven, Robert Vogt: A new classification of the tribe subtribal Anthemideae (Compositae). In: Willdenowia. Volume 37, No. 1, 2007, pp. 89-114, DOI: 10.3372/wi.37.37104.
Asterids Asteroideae Henri Cassini Pappus (flower structure) Israel Leucanthemopsis Namibia Angola Digital Object Identifier Agricultural Research Service
68899
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