Applied kinesiology
Applied Kinesiology ( of κίνησις Greek kinesis, movement ', and λόγος logos, ' word ', ' doctrine ' ) is an alternative medical diagnosis and treatment concept in the field of physical therapy and chiropractic.
The term was, among others, by the founders of the "Institute of Applied Kinesiology " (1982) and later the " German Society for Applied Kinesiology ", founded in 1987 launched in Germany, and represents the reasonable variations of George Joseph Goodheart Applied Kinesiology. In contrast to the latter, the " Kinesiology " used mainly by laypersons. It uses so-called manual muscle testing for a diagnosis and a subsequent determination of therapy. Kinesiology is based on the assumption that muscle tension provides feedback on the functional status of the body. Kinesiology is not explained by any recognized scientific and medical findings; a proof of concept does not exist. It is therefore attributed to the pseudo-sciences.
Do not confuse the term with the English word for kinesiology, Bewegungs-/Motorikwissenschaften '.
- 4.1 Applied Kinesiology
- 4.2 Touch for Health
- 4.3 Edu-Kinestetik/Brain Gym
- 4.4 Three In One Concepts
- 4.5 Animal Kinesiology
General
Kinesiology is a scientifically recognized, alternative medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures without proven effectiveness. Kinesiology is based on the assumption that manifest health problems as a weakness of certain muscle groups. The central tool of kinesiology for the diagnosis of such disorders is the so-called " kinesiology muscle test ".
In kinesiology concepts and lessons from the meridian and the theory of the elements are used. For example, the term is energy based on the Daoist Qi within the meaning of "life energy" used. Kinesiology sees himself as a method to perceive the people in his " wholeness ", which means that findings are not in isolation but in the context of emotional and mental influences and dependencies should be considered. Especially the treatment of reflexes such as the " neurolymphatic reflex points " of the osteopaths and the so-called Chapman was " Neurovascular reflex points " of the chiropractor Bennett in the " Touch for Health " or the integrated "Applied Kinesiology " From the original Applied Kinesiology.
The concept of kinesiology is not consistent with accepted scientific and medical knowledge. Proof of diagnostic validity and effectiveness of Kinesiology failed so far; he is regarded as unlikely.
History and institutionalization
Development
Applied Kinesiology was developed in the 1960s by the American chiropractor George Joseph Goodheart. Starting point of the theory of evolution was his observation that in a patient with shoulder pain shoulder muscles were weakened and were nodular induration in the tendons of the muscle. Goodheart 's claim to have resolved by massage the hardening of the muscle and the shoulder pain had also decreased. At the same time the muscle strength had increased. This was the first time that the strength of a muscle was normalized by a manual reflex therapeutic measure. As a result, Goodheart developed a system of diagnostic and therapeutic techniques that have their basis in the chiropractic and osteopathy have elements of the meridian theory of traditional Chinese medicine, orthomolecular medicine. John Thie was a close associate of George Goodheart, founder of Applied Kinesiology and co-founder (1974 ) of the International College of Applied Kinesiology ( ICAK ). He founded the Touch for Health Foundation with the intention to make available the benefits of applied by chiropractors and physicians professional Applied Kinesiology lay in the sense of "holistic health care and restoration of natural energy." It was in the early days of the organizations personnel pronounced overlap between the Touch For Health Foundation and the International College of Applied Kinesiology: John Thie was the founder or co-founder of both organizations, and hence the teaching contents of the lay and the professional organization were mixed again and again. Because of abusive applications professional techniques by laymen was the dissemination of professional applied kinesiology internationally and limited in the German-speaking countries since 1992 to holders of a state-recognized diploma in a health care profession (doctors, dentists, chiropractors in Switzerland, physiotherapists ).
Representation of Kinesiology in Germany
Alfred Schatz and colleagues brought the training material of the Touch for Health Foundation to Germany, where they " Institute of Applied Kinesiology ( 1982), and in 1987 the " German Society for Applied Kinesiology " founded the. These organizations and many others worldwide spread today almost all forms of " kinesiology " to medical health professionals and lay people. A unified basic medical qualification is not required for kinesiologists. " Kinesiologist " is not a protected occupational title in Germany.
The professional societies for medical Applied Kinesiology in Germany ( German Medical Society for Applied Kinesiology, DÄGAK ), Austria ( ICAK -A) and Switzerland ( ICAK -CH ), whose membership exclusively from persons with a state medical diploma (doctors, dentists, chiropractors in Switzerland, physiotherapists ) is, deliberately distinguishes on the lay organizations. The membership of the International Medical Association of Applied Kinesiology ( IMAK ) based in Klagenfurt is composed exclusively of physicians and dentists.
The kinesiology muscle test
As a diagnostic method, a so-called muscle testing is used in kinesiology, will be determined by the imbalances and dysfunctions of substances, information, emotions and therapies. Therefore, the muscle test serves as a " biofeedback system ".
Kinesiologists assume that a muscle (in the form of a substance, information, emotion, etc.) react to stress with a yielding and this brief first response of the muscle will controlled by the autonomic nervous system and could not be voluntarily controlled or manipulated. This assumption is incorrect, since it is possible to change the muscular tension voluntarily or involuntarily. Depending on the direction Kinesiology serve one or more muscles than " indicator muscles " ( = display muscles). The client is faced with the substance to be tested, information or emotion, and the muscle test is performed immediately. For example, if the arm muscle deltoid muscle of the indicator, the exercise kinesiologist for a moment from a certain pressure on the outstretched arm of the client. Either the arm in kinesiological sense stay strong and " snapped " or it becomes soft and pliable for a moment. The particular muscle reaction yields as a " response" to the pre-determined questions. Typically, the client is explained in advance what is to mean a strong or weak muscle response. For the kinesiology muscle test only binary questions can be used, ie " yes / no" or " strong / weak " or " harmful / harmless " and so on.
In general, the interpretation of the felt by the kinesiologist muscle tension of the subject is left to the investigator and his experience. The different muscle tension on the client side can be so clear that this is noticed by him.
Variants
Since the emergence of kinesiology various advanced approaches have been developed. It is not only the "right" drug for the patient determine or diagnose intolerances and allergies, but additionally mental blockages and problems. The muscle test is applied in various fields, such as the identification of stress factors in NAET ( Nambudripad 's Allergy Elimination Technique).
Common variants are today:
Applied Kinesiology
The International College of Applied Kinesiology ( ICAK ) was Professional Applied Kinesiology ( PAK ) to register as a trademark to indicate a clear separation from modifications that are used by laypersons, such as Touch for Health, Brain Gym or Three in One Concept. PAHs may be used only by certified members of the ICAK. The professional societies in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, whose membership consists exclusively of persons with a state medical diploma (doctors, dentists, chiropractors in Switzerland, physiotherapists ), further expressly agree that Applied Kinesiology is not the same as kinesiology, applied kinesiology, Psychokinesiology or Edu Kinestetik.
The users of the Professional Applied Kinesiology ( PAK ) describe this as a diagnostic and therapy system that works with functional neurological tests, in particular the manual muscle test and diagnostic provocation ( challenges).
Touch for Health
Touch for Health takes more elements of traditional Chinese medicine, allocated in the muscle groups meridians and thus alleged blockades, under-and energy are recorded. This should be balanced by touching reflex points, meridians streaking through acupressure, massage a specific muscle group or by a special diet recommendation. Many kinesiology methods that were developed later, have their origin in Touch for Health.
Edu-Kinestetik/Brain Gym
The Edu Kinestetik is a further development of applied kinesiology in the direction of movement education. It deals with learning difficulties and related problems such as hyperactivity. It was developed in the early 1980s by the American educator Paul Dennison. Dennison claimed that students could be motivated with learning difficulties through simple physical exercises and the ability to learn is improving.
The Edu Kinestetik based on the anatomically inaccurate claim that the center line must be straightened between the two halves of the brain through gymnastic exercises to correct an alleged one-sided loading of the respective halves of the brain.
A study of Austrian students showed that the Edu Kinestetik has none of the effects attributed to her.
Three In One Concepts
(3- in-1 ) deals with mental blockages, as well as the Psycho - Kinesiology ( PK) and the Integrative Kinesiology ( IK ), which sees itself as composed of Kinesiology and talk therapy according to Rogers.
Animal Kinesiology
It is rarely used by some veterinary practitioners, veterinary surgeons. A central problem of animal Kinesiology is the non-applicability of the muscle test in animals. It is a " surrogate method " used (from the Latin surrogatus for " substitute" ). When surrogate method takes a person as the holder of the animal, as a deputy to being tested. The deputy does not have to have physical contact to the animal. It is sufficient to substitute the animal by a photo, faeces, hair or feathers. The training or specialized training for Tierkinesiologen is offered by several institutes, the temporal scope of the training is usually six to eight seminar days.
Effectiveness
Kinesiology contradicts accepted scientific and medical knowledge. Proof of the efficacy of kinesiology not succeeded so far and is considered unlikely. Kinesiology ideas such as the one that the body knows whether the contents of a sealed glass tube was good for him, are not to bring the insights of science into harmony. A scientific demonstration of such ability has not been demonstrated. Kinesiology is therefore assigned to the pseudo-sciences.
In scientific studies on the kinesiology of results, often on a purely random distribution. So different kinesiologists not come often relevant to the same diagnosis and the recommended regimens did not result in a statistically significant improvement. Another study examined 7 patients with known severe wasp sting allergy. Kinesiologen were not able to distinguish via random often a tube with a tube from wasp venom with brine. In another study, 315 children and adolescents were examined over a period of two years with kinesiology resources on food allergies go. Kinesiologists were able to confirm neither the results of colleagues randomly often still voted the diagnoses statistically significant with the results from reliable conventional allergy tests ( antibody test, skin test ) match. Kinesiologists can not repeat accurately than would occur by chance own diagnoses. Other studies have yielded similar results. A non- double-blind study found the confirmation of true and false test statements.
There are the muscle test error and fraud for on the part of the therapist and the client. Since the therapist is active with his own muscle tension checks the client, he can adjust his test pressure knowingly or unknowingly. The same applies to the client who can change his muscle power voluntarily or involuntarily. In addition, the test muscle fatigue after several test runs.
The Edu Kinestetik is from the perspective of psychology and pedagogy, a collection of known relaxation and memory techniques based on simplistic and sometimes gross misconceptions about anatomy and physiology of the brain.
The effectiveness of kinesiology was not in some studies on the efficacy of placebo addition, that is, does not have a causal kinesiology intrinsic effect. Critics accuse kinesiologists, therefore, to use inadequate instruments and come to wrong diagnoses and incorrect treatments with potentially serious consequences for the patient, because this is encouraged proven effective therapies for late or not to start or to terminate.
Proponents of kinesiology practice often claim their methods are subjected to scientific scrutiny by the International College of Applied Kinesiology ( ICAK ). However, an analysis of 50 publications of this association over a period of 7 years found throughout serious flaws in the works - including the complete absence of statistical analyzes problems in the selection of subjects and lack of information on the experimental groups.
Furthermore, the lack of standardization and lack of a prerequisite of basic skills is criticized. For example, calls the Kinesiology Institute Eastern Bavaria as a necessary qualifications and requirements for a Kinesiologenausbildung solely " interest and willingness to learn "; a medical profession like doctors, or massage therapist is not a prerequisite for the Kinesiologenausbildung. The full training, so this Kinesiology Institute, would last 60 weekends, and the student can decide how far he wants to complete the training and at what point of the training he wanted to work as a kinesiologist itself.