Apprenticeship

Vocational training in a state-approved vocational secondary education results in the field via a so-called doctrine ( teaching ) and in the tertiary education sector about studying.

The professional training of an apprentice or trainee is mainly in handicraft, agricultural, commercial or industrial professional field, but also in the public administration sector, in the health and social care and other service sectors.

The training period is the teaching and the student is the apprentice. The doctrine or more years of vocational training is divided into a practical and a school-based part. During his professional training of apprentices or trainees are in an employment relationship with a company or authority, and refers in this time remuneration.

Besides purely school-based training courses are offered with an integrated practice part, leading to a vocational qualification. Professions that require a degree, belong to the tertiary education sector.

Vocational training is not to be confused with professional development that is offered in a wide variety of educational institutions as ascent or adaptation and qualification is defined in the respective vocational education legislation as a further part of vocational training. Their goal is to secure the professional ascent or adaptation of knowledge and skills to changing requirements. Often the concept of professional development will be used interchangeably.

• 5.1 Structure of a teacher training 5.1.1 The practical part
• 5.1.2 The vocational school
• 5.1.3 Qualifying final exam

The aim of the vocational training

Vocational training is to impart theoretical knowledge and practical skills that lead to professional competence. The practical training is supplemented by a theoretical knowledge in a vocational school and / or company training facilities. The training as vocational training is characterized by the following features:

• Implementation in a structured course of training
• Mediation of a broad-based basic vocational training
• Conveying the necessary for the exercise of a professional activity professional skills and knowledge
• Acquisition of professional experience required

International Recognition

Within the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA), an accomplished in a State of the EU or EEA Associate degree is recognized to the extent it there entitled to exercise a given profession and there completed training not significantly different runs of the State, in the occupation - is to be exercised - as an employee or self-employed. Legal basis is Directive 2005/36/EC on the recognition of professional qualifications that had to be transposed into national law by the Member States by October 2007. ( See also: free movement of workers )

Germany

Legal regulations of vocational training

Vocational education laws and craft orders are the basic rules of professional training. Some professions, in particular professions in the medical field ( Health Professions ) are regulated in special laws (eg, nursing law, elder care law, physiotherapists law, paramedic Act).

Organization of vocational training

Vocational training is mostly carried out in the dual vocational training system, which must work together legally independent from each other training companies and vocational schools to ensure the best professional training of apprentices ( trainees ). 2011, about 70 % of the dual vocational training vocational training; thus, the rate 8 % higher than in 2009.

A company training as part of the unit training section complements often the respective vocational training.

Tasks of the competent authority

The competent authorities under the VET legislation places ( and others industry and commerce and trade chambers ) have the following tasks:

• You decide on shortening or lengthening the training period as well as admission to the final examination or training studies (eg Masters checks).
• They monitor the implementation of vocational training and retraining.
• Advise trainers and trainees and order training consultant.
• They lead the list of vocational training relationships.
• To determine the suitability of training centers and trainers.
• They build audit committees and issue test orders.
• Perform intermediate, finish and master exams.

Training for officials

Training markets in Germany

In early 2000 there were about 1.7 million young people in a total of 348 state- recognized training occupations in vocational training. The enterprises of the industry and commerce formed from 49 percent of the trainees, the craft 38 percent and the remaining areas (agriculture, public service, the professions, home economics and maritime ) together account for almost 15 percent.

According to the data of the Federal Employment Agency by the end of July 2010, approximately 511,000 current applicants were allotted around 405,000 company training places available. Due to the lack of training places now existing part there are more applicants than training places, in some professions that are very attractive for many young people, however, all training places can not be filled. According to the official training market balance by 2010, the proportion of training places / applicants in recent years has improved. 2009 the number of apprenticeships was indeed decreased by eight percent, according to statistics, the number of training candidates reportedly However, by 14 percent. Although in the training market balance is no longer the full number of applicants will be given, as hundreds of thousands of young people without an apprenticeship who complete an action in the so-called transition system, are not included in the statistics.

In contrast to 2010, the training market situation has continued to improve in 2011. According to the Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training in 2011 a total of 599 800 training places were offered. This offer was offset by 646,000 applicants. 2011 570.140 training contracts were concluded. As the largest education obstacle is called by the German Chamber of Industry and Commerce still, graduates did not have sufficient training maturity.

Recognition of foreign professional qualifications

Citizens of the European Union, who have acquired their professional qualifications in a Member State have, by the EU Professional Qualifications Directive free access to their profession -. , Under the same conditions as nationals The EU Professional Qualifications Directive also applies to citizens of the European Economic Area ( EEA) and Switzerland.

For nationals of third countries which saw up to 1 April 2012 in most professions different. On April 1, 2012, the so-called Recognition Act came into force, the law to improve the detection and recognition of foreign professional qualifications. With it, the procedures were opened for evaluation of foreign professional qualifications in the area of ​​responsibility of the Federal overall. The law serves to confer a " better use of professional qualifications acquired abroad for the German labor market to allow a skill near employment ". Accompanying the Act, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research has launched the online portal recognition in Germany to life. Here people can with a foreign professional qualification investigate the responsible for the recognition of their qualification place and learn about the procedure and legal foundations.

Austria

In Austria, there are 242 recognized apprenticeship trades which last between two and four years. Most apprenticeships are three years old.

Make around 40 % of young people in Austria after the end of their nine-year compulsory education a lesson, many others attend a vocational school.

The age is not bounded above. The distribution of school operation is fixed 80 % in training mode and 20 % in the vocational school.

The apprenticeship ends simply with the expiration of the apprenticeship. The final exam is optional per se, but to make the most out learned people of this possibility.

A special feature of Austria knows the double teaching in the two partially related professionals (example: Cook - Restaurant specialist) can be learned simultaneously.

Switzerland

In Switzerland, approximately 2/3 of young people opt for vocational training. After nine years of compulsory schooling, young people start an apprenticeship at a company. Only about 20 percent of students attend a high school, then at most to start studying. Of course, there are also vocational training, for their inaugural one has to meet special requirements. So you have to be for the training of police officers at least 18 and has enjoyed a completed vocational training or passed the Matura.

In the last years of their schooling, the students learn about the various professions and graduate in the upper various trial apprenticeships. These serve the profession actively experience to get to know the operation, and enable the company to get an idea about the student. The most 15 - to 16- year-old students then apply at different companies for the of them chosen profession. Must educate students who have completed a master's certificate ( eidg. diploma ) or the Berufsbildnerkurs. In larger training companies an apprentice trainer is often employed, which is responsible for the education of some students in his field. In small companies the function of Ausbildners often takes over the CEO himself

Construction of a teaching training

The concept of vocational basic education ( "doctrine ") is used for an initial two, three or four years. The successful completion of a three - or four-year vocational basic education leads to obtaining a Federal capability certificate ( EFZ ), which confirms that the VET Office defined ( in consultation with the relevant trade association ) professional maturity. Two-year basic vocational training are also referred to as certificate training, which upon successful completion of the Federal Vocational Certificate (EBA ) can be obtained.

Basic vocational education is constructed in Switzerland on a triadic ( = three-piece ) system, which includes three different places of learning: teaching, vocational school and External courses ( pf ). The goal is, in addition to the mediation of specialized and general knowledge to make the acquired knowledge in school to the practical. The inter-company courses have to convey to the target, both within a particular focal point. The occupation specific and practical part and the school-based theoretical part find with a few exceptions in parallel rather than to each other by the learners from one to three days ( jenach profession, year of training, and depending on whether the BMS is visited ) per week attend a vocational school and the remaining days work in their teaching. In some professions (eg farmer or GeomatikerIn ) takes part in the academic block courses instead.

The Vocational education and training is coupled, which means that the vocational school may be visited only with an apprenticeship.

The practical part

Training in the teaching has to learn to target all practical skills that are needed later for the exercise of the profession. For almost all professions courses are parallel to the formation of the corresponding professional associations performed ( External courses ), whose participation is mandatory. After basic training, students often work in different departments to learn about different aspects of the profession. Depending on the level of training learners begin to take over the duties of an employee. An apprentice wage is highly dependent on the industry and increases with each year of training at. In the first year he is a few hundred francs, last up to a quarter of the salary of a fully trained employee. Wages are determined by the respective industries and are approved by the Office for Professional Education of the respective canton.

The vocational school

Trainees visit during the entire period of formation of one to three days a week, a vocational school. The subjects vary greatly by occupation. In technical professions half a day for general education ( ABU, languages, sports ) is usually used, and the rest for specialist subjects. As in commercial occupations to the learning of languages ​​, a higher value is placed, is waived for KV- learners the general education classroom ( ABU ).

Qualifying final exam

At the end of basic vocational education practical and theoretical skills in a qualifying final examinations ( formerly " LAP " = final exam ) will be tested. Who is this, is replaced with a recognized teaching the Federal VET Certificate (two-year basic vocational training ) or the Federal VET Diploma ( three -and four- year vocational training ).

Based on the modular Bologna system of higher education, found in many training part of final exams after two years instead.

Vocational

It is optional for the students, if they pass the entrance exam and the training organization shall agree to complete parallel to teaching an instructive accompanying vocational diploma. The vocational diploma usually takes one day a week to complete. During the visit, the Vocational School of general education part of the vocational school shall be adopted.

The vocational diploma may also be rescheduled according to the teaching of what is meant by the term " BMS 2 ".

There are for the various occupational areas occupational different weights:

• Technical vocational diploma
• Commercial Berufsmatura
• Commercial Berufsmatura
• Physiologically - Social Berufsmatura
• Agricultural vocational diploma
• Design Berufsmatura
• Natural Sciences Berufsmatura

With the Berufsmatura you have the opportunity to enroll without examination to a college that direction.

Studying at a university or ETH is without examination upon completion of college usually subject to conditions possible. Who wants to study directly with the Berufsmatura a subject that is not offered at colleges, it can do with passing additional examinations according to a so-called Passarellenjahr.

Passerelle

After passing the Vocational it is students free with a good grade point average, in addition to completing the Passerelle, which qualifies you to take at Swiss universities. It takes 1 year. It should be noted that the passerelle is merely a supplementary examination for vocational diploma which qualifies you to take at Swiss universities. Foreign universities are not obliged to acknowledge this.

Matura for adults

Students who have an insufficient grade point average in the professional baccalaureate for the Passerelle or wish to complete the official Swiss Matura exam, have the opportunity to prepare themselves with the Matura for adults on the Matura exam. The Matura adult usually takes 3 1/2 years. It can be taken as full-day, half-day, or Saturday school. Students who have completed a vocational diploma can enter later in the classroom under certain circumstances.

Belgium

In the German-speaking part of Belgium, there are apprenticeships. Offered are over 45 teaching professions. The training system is dual, supplemented by an inter-company training. The teaching usually takes three years. The apprentices contain a trainee compensation. The vocational school is visited in one to two days a week.

After successful completion of the apprentice receives the journeyman certificate. The Practitioner Certificate confirms the dominance of the profession, but gaps in general education. The partial certificates certified individual qualifications.

The supervisory authority is the IAWM (Institute of education and training ).

Minimum age is 15 years, maximum age for an apprenticeship is 30 years.

For car mechanics is possible in addition to the Belgian financial statements are also at the same time the Dutch and to acquire German (keyword Tridiplomierung ).

The master of education existed in Belgium also.

Netherlands

About 50 % of Dutch adolescents change after the end of the first stage ( Basisschool and basisvorming ) in the middel voorbereidend beroepsonderwijs ( vmbo ) and thus vocational training.

The actual training ( middel beroepsonderwijs - MBO) has a minimum age of 16 years.

Young people standing for election, if they their training in a company ( part-time variant, beroepsbegeleidende Leerweg - BBL) make or at a vocational school ( vocational forming variant Beroepsopleidende Leerweg - BOL). Formally, the professions and degrees are the same. The professional -forming variant also includes internships. Two out of three students go to professional forming way, one of three students to the occupational path.

The professional version costs forming from 18 years school fees, before they part of compulsory education and is therefore free. In the part-time version of the learner receives from operating a training compensation.

The training consists of partial qualifications are checked and completed for itself. An audit is omitted by it.

The conclusion in each case has a certain level:

• Level 1: Wizard Level. Duration: six months to a year
• Level 2: Basic vocational training. Duration: two to three years
• Level 3: Vocational Training. Duration: two to four years
• Level 4: Training for middle management. Duration: three to four years and training for specialists. Duration: one to two years.

Where Level 1 and 2 have no admission requirements. Level 4 entitled to higher vocational education ( Hoger Beroepsonderwijs - HBO ) at a University of Applied Sciences ( Hogescholen ).

For German who live near the border and also had Dutch at school, the Dutch system is also represents an alternative

France

In France, the ( dual ) vocational training has a much lower value than in Germany. In their place are various vocational schools, technical schools and colleges.

In the artisanal sector but there is a system of vocational training ( apprentissage, formation professionnelle ). The journeymen are you together devoir in the association ouvrière of compagnons.

Since the training is also recognized in Germany, it may be interesting for German students with appropriate knowledge of French to follow the training course in France. The period of training is similar to that in Germany.

The Certificat d'aptitude professionnelle is equivalent to the journeyman or skilled worker's certificate usually in Germany.

Denmark

Denmark also has a dual training system. Funding is provided through a training fund, received money from the companies providing training and pay in the non- training enterprises.

50 to 70 percent of training are provided in operation, therefore 30 to 50 percent in the vocational school.

Denmark has about 120 training occupations.

USA

In the U.S., professional training is much less formalized than in Germany and normally not regulated by a system of checks and other formal requirements. After leaving high school or college (see American school system ) follows in the workplace usually an on the job training ( learning through practical training).