Aristolochiaceae

Aristolochia arborea

The Osterluzeigewächse ( Aristolochiaceae ) are a family in the order of the pepper -like ( Piperales ) within the angiosperms ( Magnoliopsida ). The approximately seven genera with about 500 species, except in the Arctic, spread worldwide. Only Central European species are the Common Osterluzei and the Ordinary Haselwurz.

• 3.1 Notes and references

Description and ecology

Vegetative characteristics

There are shrubs, vines or perennial herbaceous plants. They grow independently erect or often as a climbing plant. In some species, plant parts smell aromatic. There is initial - Superficial cork cambium present. It can be secondary growth of a konventionalen Kambiumring.

The alternate and spirally distributed to the stem axis leaves are usually stalked. The flat, membranous to herbaceous leaf blade is simple or divided. When the leaf blade is undivided then it is often heart-shaped. When the leaf blade is divided then it is hand- shaped, sometimes three parts. The most dorsiventral or rare isobilaterale leaf area may be covered with glands. The Blattnervatur network is annoying and manuscripts, fiederförmig. The stomata are anomozytisch. There are no stipules present, but sometimes see the first one or two leaves of a branch as stipules from.

Inflorescence, flowers and floral ecology

The flowers appear singly or in lateral or terminal, simple or branched, zymösen, or racemose inflorescences aged men together.

The small to large flowers are hermaphroditic and often smell unpleasant in some taxa. The radial symmetry to strongly zygomorphic flowers are triple. The threefold bracts are either designed as variously shaped sepals and petals or conformed to, sometimes just a Blütenhüllblattkreis is available. If only one Blütenhüllblattkreis is present then there are the flowers sepals that have grown bell-shaped or Roehrig. The calyx tube is typical of Aristolochia s- shaped " tank traps". The usually four or six, sometimes twelve, rarely to 36 fertile stamens are not intertwine with the bloom cladding.

The stamens are mutually free or they are fused with each other and with the gynoecium to a gynostemium. Sometimes no filament is visible and the anthers are then seated. In some species the tetrasporangiaten dust bag hanging out together. The two-celled pollen grains have no or one to seven apertures and are sulcat. There are four to six, mostly complete or rarely partly constant, carpels present and usually grow into a one-to sechskammerigen ovary. There are many bitegmische, crassinucellate ovules per carpel available. There may be a discus.

Pollination is by insects ( entomophily ). If " boiler traps " are formed (Diptera ) are often prevented by special hair from leaving the s- shaped calyx tube to the pollination is done. For attracting the Fly the boiler traps many Osterluzeigewächse exude an unpleasant smell of carrion. Even the often murky red or brown color of the flowers is for the purpose to mimic carrion or dung.

Fruit and seeds

The rarely fleshy fruits are very varied: mostly fruit capsules, rare berries, fruit or nut schizocarps in Saruma follicles. The seeds often have oily endosperm. At seed maturity, the embryo is rudimentary trained to weak.

Ingredients

Of flavonols quercetin and kaempferol sometimes are always present. Many species contain essential oils. In the leaves of some species there are cells with essential oils. In some taxa silicate bodies are stored.

Parts of plants containing toxic aristolochic acid, which is carcinogenic and nephrotoxic. It is cause of Balkan nephropathy.

System

This family was erected in 1789 by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu under the name " Aristolochiae " Genera Plantarum in, pp. 72-73. The Asaraceae Vent. were formerly an independent family and now has the rank of a subfamily Asaroideae assigned. Other synonyms for Aristolochiaceae Juss. are Pistolochiaceae J.B.Mull. and Sarumaceae Nakai.

The Osterluzeigewächse ( Aristolochiaceae ) are divided into two subfamilies with a total of about seven genera:

• Subfamily Asaroideae Kostel, Syn. Asaraceae Vent. Chromosome base numbers be x = 6, 12, 13, 18, 20, 26 and contains approximately three genera with about 100 species: Subungulates ( Asarum L.): Up to 100 species are widely distributed in the northern hemisphere.
• Saruma Olive: . Contains only one species, which is endemic in China: Saruma henryi Oliv.

• Subfamily Aristolochioideae Kostel. (corresponding to the Aristolochiaceae s.str. ): The basic chromosome numbers be x = mostly 6-7 ( 4 - more than 8). It contains about four genera with up to 400 species: Pipes Flowers ( Aristolochia L.): It is distributed with about 300 species nearly worldwide.
• Asiphonia. Handle: It contains only one type: Asiphonia piperiformis W.Griffith: It occurs in Malaysia.

Swell

• The Aristolochiaceae in APWebsite family. ( Section systematics and description)
• The Aristolochiaceae at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz family. ( Description section )
• Kerry Barringer & Alan T. Whittemore: Aristolochiaceae in the Flora of North America, Volume 3, 1997: Online. ( Description section )
• Shumei Huang, Lawrence M. Kelly & Michael G. Gilbert: Aristolochiaceae in the Flora of China, Volume 5, 2003, p 246: Online. ( Description section )
• C. Neinhuis, S. Wanke, KW Hilu, K. Müller & T. Borsch: Phylogeny of Aristolochiaceae based on parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian Analyses of trnL - trnF sequences, In: Plant Systematics and Evolution, Volume 250, Numbers 1 - 2, 2005, p 7-26250, 7-26: doi: 10.1007/s00606-004-0217-0 Full text online.
• Eckhart J. Hunter, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller: Excursion Flora of Germany. Volume 5 Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants. Oxford University Press. Berlin, Heidelberg, 2008. ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8