Artemidorus Ephesius

Artemidorus of Ephesus (Greek Ἀρτεμίδωρος Artemidoros, latin Artemidorus; * in Ephesus ), a Greek geographer and politician during the turn of the second to first century BC, it is especially the writing in the Augustan period Isidore of Charax as the most important trade Geographer.

• 3.1 Description
• 3.2 history
• 3.3 The debate
• 3.4 per Papyrus
• 3.5 Contra Papyrus

Life

His professional life took Artemidorus in politics. In an ambassador of his native city of Ephesus capacity he visited Rome, among others. The Roman Empire was at this time in the Eastern Mediterranean increasingly influential. Thus came after 133 BC, Ephesus to the Empire and then became part of the province of Asia. In Rome there was Artemidors task to recover for the city treasury of Ephesus nearby Selenusischen lake with a Nebensee. Already under the Kingdom of Pergamon the city had escaped by the withdrawal of the waters in large sums of money. In the course of the Roman power, the lakes fell back to the city, yet powerful tax farmers had then brought the territory by force under their control. The negotiations in Rome designed successfully. The city in Asia Minor got back the waters. During another mission he was in the process the position of Ephesus against the self-employed -making area of Heraclea penetrated, for which he was honored in his hometown due.

In the form of extensive research trips Artemidor learned many countries bordering the Mediterranean know. Based on this Periplus he wrote possibly around 100 BC a representation of Ionia ( Ionika Hypomnemata ) and his main work, the Geographoumena, a description of the known world in eleven books. The Geographoumena were not in the tradition of scientific geography of Eratosthenes ( 276/273 - by 194 BC), but were based on the Polybius (c. 200 - 120 BC) reasoned pragmatic geography tradition that Polybius in second part of his main work Historiai (Universal history ) observes. Probably the completely lost historical work of Artemidorus was written in this tradition.

Work

Conservation status

Artemidors literature is primarily known through quotations in the editions of other authors. Otherwise the research would hardly have possessed more comprehensible to this scholar. Because until the discovery of a papyrus secondarily used in the late 20th century was preserved no direct copy. Thus, the modern historiography based on the analysis of the work Artemidors mainly on the writing in the Augustan period Strabo (c. 63 BC - after 23 AD), whose geographical work largely retained. Of all the ancient writings which survived the loss of books in late antiquity, can be found in Strabo, the most citations of his older colleagues. Even later authors had a penchant for Artemidorus. Among other things, bring the geographical writings of the elder Pliny (c. 23-79 AD) 17 excerpts. The late antique epitomator Marcian of Heraclea lay before Artemidors writings. He calls his Periplus even after 500 years as the clearest and most accurate of the Mediterranean. In the introduction to his Epitomen mentioned Marcian that Artemidorus addition to the geographical descriptions lodged also detailed ethnographic digressions. As he looked at these designs as superfluous accessory, she let Marcian away in his summary. This also those portions of the Geographoumena were lost. Another important source are the fragmentary surviving excerpts of by Stephanus of Byzantium, probably in the early 6th century AD wrote lexicon ethnicities.

Description

Artemidorus began his presentations at national borders, the spatial dimensions and the topographic situation. To this end, he called the names of rivers, lakes and mountains. He placed particular emphasis on a very precise description of the coastlines, with the ports, capes, gulfs, peninsulas and islands that he could inspect it personally on his journeys. He located the cities and called the distances to other important places. For the descriptions of cities with their significant buildings included a tear-off from the respective local history, which was sometimes attributed to a mythical founders. In addition to ethnographic information Artemidorus had accompanied his work also climatological information.

Artemidors sources

Although Artemidorus was on his research trips to get to know many places from my own experience, but he also had to supplement support to other authors, covering those areas for which he personally had no immediate access. Therefore, can be found in his geographical quotes from Eratosthenes, Aristagoras of Miletus ( to Egypt), Agatharchides of Cnidus ( about Asia and the Red Sea ) and by Pytheas of Massilia, the Artemidorus later Strabo but denote as untrustworthy. Of the historians apparently the authors are Ephorus of Kyme, Timaeus of Tauromenion, Polybius, Ctesias of Cnidus and Silenos preferred by Kaleakte as is often to be read with the poet Homer quotes. His special esteem by later authors has Artemidor learn because of its source-critical reappraisal of the processed quotes.

Outline of Geographoumena

The Geographoumena can be reconstructed as follows:

• Book 1: Prolegomena. (Introduction)
• Book 2: Spain
• Book 3: Gaul
• Book 4: Italy
• Book 5: South Greece
• Book 6: Northern Greece, Epirus, Macedonia, Thessaly and Thrace. The book ends with a description of Europe.
• Book 7: The coasts of Africa
• Book 8: Egypt, Ethiopia, Arabia
• Book 9: India, Parthia, Phoenicia, southern Asia Minor
• Book 10: Pisidia, Lycia, Caria, Rhodes, Ionia and Aeolian
• Book 11: An exact assignment of citations is not possible for book 11. Some fragments to Caria, Bithynia, Mysia, the islands off western Asia Minor, Cappadocia, Pontus, Colchis, the Scythian Asia to the borders of Europe on river Tanaïs ( Don ) could both book 10 or 11 be attributed.

The Artemidorus Papyrus

Description

According to current knowledge, the fragments of the papyrus bear clear traces of three different phases of use, probably dating back to several editors / cartoonist. You may use these three periods were not far apart in time, as the Nile papyrus was shipped with other roles later than 100 AD as waste paper of Alexandria into a funeral parlor. There, the used documents have been processed into paper mache to stuff mummies. The dating of some of the animals drawn on the verso of the last phase can use a terminus post quem for 20 BC appear to be possible. The letter shapes on recto corresponded according to an analysis by the Papyrologists Fabian Reiter of the Papyrus Collection in Berlin 's Neues Museum a comparison piece from the office of Queen Cleopatra VII ( 69-30 BC), located in the year BC 33 BC can be dated. .

During the first phase, use a scribe in Alexandria was busy trying to copy on the recto of the papyrus roll, the second book of Geographoumena from a template. At the same time created a map that should illustrate the work. Both works were stopped for an unknown reason. At some later time using a draftsman or a drawing workshop the unused back for his studies. A total of 41 drawings were found, representing the real and mythical animals. Some were named by a brief inscription. The illustrations are from the hands of a single person. Also just a little later emerged also on recto tracings or character studies of heads, hands and feet to works of sculpture.

History

The original convolute was first discovered in the early 20th century in an Egyptian museum. An accurate indication of origin can no longer be determined. The bonded to a clump of papyrus bundle came into the extensive private collection of Sayed Bey Khashaba from Assiut and was subsequently sold to Europe. In 1971 she was acquired by the Hamburg-based antique dealer Serop Simonian. Simonian led in 1980 to leave open the convolute in Stuttgart and to restore the excavated papyri. It was found that the role of the Artemidorus papyrus was 32.5 inches tall and still 2.50 meters long, in the middle of the fragment occurred a gap. Before opening the convolute the only known photograph showing the former, original condition arose. 1998 identified the later editor of the monograph the text. In addition to the remains of Artemidorus text the bundle documents from the reigns of the Roman Emperor Vespasian ( 69-79 AD) and Domitian ( 81-96 AD ) was derived. The Artemidorus Papyrus itself consisted of a geographical Greek text with in this text inserted, unfinished sketch maps as well as human and animal drawings. For 2.75 million euros, the fragments were acquired in 2004 from the Italian " Fondazione per l' Arte delle Compagnia San Paolo, the " in Turin. The sketch map is the only known authentic traditional map representation of ancient and apparently represented a part of the Iberian Peninsula dar. text and the card as a fragment of the introduction to the second book of Geographoumena that includes Spain, identified. 1998 laid the Papyrologists Claudio Gallazzi ( University of Milan ) and Bärbel Kramer ( University of Trier ) an initial, provisional publication.

The debate

In the spring of 2006, a first exhibition of the discovery took place in Turin, but was a first time published in full to wait until 2008 to be. Here, among other things, the scientific dating methods and chemical analyzes of the inks were presented. For this release, the archaeologist and art historian Salvatore Settis and Claudio Gallazzi and Bärbel Kramer were responsible. During this time, the papyrus became an otherwise customary international notoriety as the Classical philologist Luciano Canfora wanted to recognize in him a product of the notorious forger Constantine Greek Simonides (ca. 1820-1890 ).

Pro Papyrus

The large number of detected in the published details showed, however, that knowledge must be assumed here that could be a forger to 2008 impossible available. For the complete publication, an exhibition of the Egyptian Museum and Papyrus Collection at the Altes Museum in Berlin took place in 2008, under the title of " Anatomy of the World - science and art on the Artemidorus Papyrus " was written. Subsequently the papyrus in the State Museum of Egyptian Art was seen in Munich.

Even after Canforas theses had proved untenable, was further argued from his direction of media attention to the authenticity of the papyrus. Among other things, on the basis of radiocarbon dating was at the time position of the papyrus itself no longer shake. Also, the question arose, what one led by Canfora forger of the 19th century real kaisertitulierte Roman documents with his false document to a mixture should stick together. Because such forgery was little sense now advocates Canforas focused their arguments on the far less publicized original convolute. So came in April 2009 at a symposium co-organized by Canfora of Italian police officers Silió Bozzi on, claiming the photo of the miscellany is a digital counterfeiting and there rudimentary visible Artemidorus text was digitally projected onto. This accusation came Hans D. Baumann, an expert in digital imaging, during a presentation in 2010 at the University of Cologne contrary. For this lecture the Classical philologist and papyrologist Jürgen Hammerstaedt held the opening words. He, too, had been able to refute any allegations Canforas in its review of the papyrus.

Published in 2009 Giambattista D' Alessio, a King's College London active Hellenist, an essay. He also holds Canforas forgery allegation untenable, as Simonides may have never possessed the knowledge which could be developed only since the opening of the miscellany. In addition to the scientifically verifiable authenticity of the received Simonides counterfeiting in the light of modern research also not sufficient to fit the originals. The criticism D' Alessio directed mainly to the inner textual reconstruction, which was tabled in 2008. So he looks in the textual sources on the role of extracts from various works of different authors, which should come only the beginning of Artemidorus. However, a clear answer, what was the intention of the original writer of this papyrus has followed, he could not give.

Contra Papyrus

That the papyrus of Artemidorus in no way can be considered a piece of real artemidoreischen work, has long been represented by several scholars. Here is a selection: 1) Germaine Aujac: " Que ce soit pas un ne papyrus fragment authentique de la Géographie d' Artémidore ne semble pas pouvoir être véritablement contests " (" Anabases », 8, 2008, p 229 ); 2) Peter Van Minnen: " Is it really Artemidorus? » I have my doubts "(" Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists », 46, 2009, p 171 ); 3) James Keith Elliott: " Forgery it june well be " (" Novum Testamentum ", 51, 2009, p 201); 4) Didier Marcotte: " On est à moins fondé vouloir prêter à Artémidore les colonnes I-II- III " (" Revue d' Histoire of the text ", NF, 5, 2010, pp. 354 and 360); 5) Dominic Rathbone: ". There is now wide agreement did the content of coll I- II ( apparently continued by col III), a disquisition on the, importance and difficulty of geographical studies, is so bizarre it can not be did Artemidorus ' ( "The Classical Review », 62, 2012, p 444).

In general, Nigel Wilson has the papyrus as " fake" (imitation) considered ( P. Artemid. A Palaeographer 's Observations, In: Historia single fonts, 214, 2009, pp. 23-26). In the same year Richard Janko has strong arguments for Simonidis as a writer ( " Classical Review », 59, 2009, pp. 403-410 ) collected. As for the manipulated photo of the so-called " miscellany ," since the spring of 2011 are final considerations are available: see Fotografia e falsificazione, Scuola Superiore di Studi Storici AIEP editore, San Marino 2011; and Alberto Cottignoli, Il Papiro di Artemidoro: un falso clamoroso. As for the obscure and anachronistic map, see Vladimiro Valerio, Sulla rappresentazione Cartografica del detto papiro di così Artemidoro, " Revue d' Histoire of the text ," NF, 7, 2012, pp. 371-384.