Ash'ari

The Asch ʿ Ariya (Arabic أشعرية, DMG Aš ʿ Ariya ) is a school of Sunni Islamic theology that arī on the basrischen scholar Abū al -Hasan al - Ash ʿ (ca. 874-936 ) is returned.

History

Ariten Early representatives of the school of Ash ʿ had al - Bāqillānī (d. 1013) and Ibn Fūrak (d. 1015). With the establishment of the various Nizamiyya schools in the second half of the 11th century by the Seljuk vizier Nizam al -Mulk, the Asch ʿ Ariya first received academic rank. The most important of these Nizamiyyas was founded in 1065 in Baghdad. At their al -Ghazali was active. His teacher al - Dschuwainī (d. 1085 ), also arit Ash ʿ, was given a professorship at the Nizamiyya of Nishapur. Other important Asch ʿ ariten in eastern Iran were ash- Schahrastānī (d. 1153 ) and Fakhr ad-Din ar - Razi (d. 1209).

In the 12th century, the Asch ʿ Ariya in Syria held catchment. Among the most important defenders of ash ʿ aritischen teaching were the two historians Ibn ʿ Asaakir (d. 1176 ) and Taj ad -Din as- Subki (d. 1368 ) here. Later the ash ʿ aritische doctrine of the Muslim Berber dynasty of the Almohads was (al- Muwahhidun ) propagated that dominated the Maghreb and al -Andalus in the 12th and 13th centuries.

Its representatives include Ibn Khaldun, Tahar Ben Achour, Mohamed Machfar, the Ash'arite Tunisian Sheikh Mokhtar Tounsi and all Tunisian mufti.

Teaching

The Asch ʿ Ariya is usually described in the ash ʿ aritischen sources as a middle ground between the rationalism of the Mu ʿ tazila and the traditionalism of the Hanbali. Compared to the rationalist Kalam many Asch ʿ had however ariten an ambivalent relationship. It is true that al- Ash ʿ arī itself a defense of the kalam entitled al - Istiḥsān Haud fī ʿ ilm al - kalam to me, but this was ariten the medieval Asch ʿ not known. Several major Asch ʿ ariten as al - Bāqillānī, al - Dschuwainī, ash- Schahrastānī and Fakhr ad-Din ar - Razi are endorsed at a young age the Kalam, but have turned away remorseful of it at the end of their lives. In the early 19th century, the Egyptian Asch ʿ arit al - Fadali (d. 1821) wrote again a defense of the kalam entitled Kifayat al - ʿ awāmm fī - mā yaǧib ʿ alai -him min ʿ ilm al - kalam ( " The sufficiency of the laity regarding which must be what they know to Kalam ").

Also with regard to the doctrine of God, claimed the Asch ʿ ariten to follow a middle ground. While other groups such as the Karrāmiten by their literal and physical interpretation of the used in the Qur'an for God terms like " hand ", " face", " eye" a worrying anthropomorphism ( Tasbih ) tended Mu ʿ taziliten reversed by metaphorical interpretation of these terms God such body parts collusion and thus their opinion erroneous " emptying " (ta ʿ tIL) operated God, said the Ash ʿ ariten, one must understand these terms amodally, neither metaphorically nor literally, but " without asking how " (bi - laa kaif ).

Characteristic of the ash ʿ aritische teaching was also their view that God such qualifications as " knowing " ( ʿ alim ), "powerful" ( Qādir ), "alive" ( Haiy ) only by their attributes such as " knowledge" ( ʿ ilm ), "power" ( Hayat ) has ( qudra ), "Life ". However, these attributes should not exist outside of God, but rather in the nature of God (DAT ) subsist themselves. Ariten The Asch ʿ this doctrine have taken over by the theologian Ibn Kullab. Another teaching point at which the Asch ʿ ariten Ibn Kullab followed covered the Koran. While the Mu ʿ taziliten the Koran were given for creating the Hanbalis, however, for uncreated, differentiated the Asch ʿ ariten with Ibn Kullab between the speech of God ( kalam Allah ) and its expression ( ʿ Ibara ) is uncreated, while the content of speech, of expression of the revelation is created.

However, an important point of faith is the power of God who above everything, even above the human reason is. From the perspective of Mu ʿ taziliten the followers of this school are the Dschabriten, ie attributable to the fatalistic opponents of the doctrine of Qadarites and thus the Antiqadarismus ( determinism ).