Asparagales
Agapanthus africanus, inflorescence. Agapanthaceae
The asparagus -like ( Asparagales ) are an order of monocots with 14 some very large families. A large number of species are ornamental plants for parks, gardens, rooms, and as cut flowers. Many species are used as medicinal plants. Few species are important food crops, such as asparagus and some representatives of the genus Allium, such as onion, leek or garlic.
Description
They are mostly herbaceous plants or succulents. If anything then only anomalous secondary growth ( for example, many types of grass trees ( Xanthorrhoea ) ) exists, therefore it is called woody species here and not tree-shaped tree. The herbaceous taxa often have storage organs ( bulbs or rhizomes). In the Asparagales succulents never occur in the Liliales.
The inflorescences are usually racemose. The blooms are triple. Three carpels are fused into a mostly upper -earth, rare inferior ovary. The nectar is usually done by Septalnektarien the ovary. The fruits are broken down into compartments capsules or berries. The seed surfaces are mostly black by Phytomelane.
Often the cells crystal sand contained in the form of raphides, which are needle-like crystals ( from calcium oxalate ).
System
Molecular genetic studies have led over the past ten years, to the family boundaries have shifted greatly. Some families, such as the grass tree plants have been greatly expanded, some - including traditional families such as the Tagliliengewächse or leek plants - were dissolved. A detailed justification of this new classification as well as the juxtaposition of traditional and new family name among others give chase in 2009. The background was mainly a pragmatic and create easy to mediating family classification in teaching.
To order the asparagus -like ( Asparagales ) includes the following 14 families
- Amaryllidaceae ( Amaryllis family)
- Asparagaceae ( Asparagus family)
- Asteliaceae
- Blandfordiaceae
- Boryaceae
- Doryanthaceae
- Hypoxidaceae
- Iridaceae ( Iris Family )
- Ixioliriaceae
- Lanariaceae
- Orchidaceae ( orchids)
- Tecophilaeaceae
- Xanthorrhoeaceae ( grass tree family)
- Xeronemataceae
With the following Verwandtschaftsverhälnissen:
Orchidaceae
Boryaceae
Blandfordiaceae
Asteliaceae
Lanariaceae
Hypoxidaceae
Ixioliriaceae
Tecophilaeaceae
Doryanthaceae
Iridaceae
Xeronemataceae
"Higher" Asparagales
Hemerocallidoideae
Xanthorrhoeoideae
Asphodeloideae
Agapanthoideae
Allioideae
Lomandroideae
Nolinoideae
Aphyllanthoideae
Agavoideae
Scilloideae
Documents
- The order of the Asparagales in APWebsite. (English )
- Asparagales. In: Andreas Bresinsky, Christian Körner, Joachim W. Kadereit, Gunther Neuhaus, Uwe Sonnewald: Strasburger - Textbook of botany. Founded by E. Strasburger. 36th edition. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-1455-7, pp. 856-860.
- Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela E. Soltis, Peter K. Endress, Mark W. Chase: Asparagales. In: Phylogeny and evolution of angiosperms. Sunderland, Sinauer Associates, 2005, pp. 104-109.
- DJ Bogler, JC Pires, J. Francisco - Ortega: Phylogeny of Agavaceae based on ndhF, rbcL, and ITS sequences: Implications of molecular data for classification. In: JT Columbus, EA Friar, JM Porter, LM Prince, MG Simpson ( eds.): Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution. Excluding Poales. In: Aliso. Volume 22, 2006, pp. 313-328.
- Mark W. Chase, Douglas E. Soltis, Pamela E. Soltis, PJ Rudall, MF Fay, WH Hahn, S. Sullivan, J. Joseph, M. Molvray, PJ Kores, TJ Givnish, KJ Sytsma, JC Pires: Higher - level systematics of the monocotyledons: An assessment of current knowledge and a new classification. In: KL Wilson, DA Morrison ( eds.): Monocots: Systematics and evolution. 2000, pp. 3-16.
- JC Pires, IJ Maureira, JP Rebman, GA Salazar, LI Cabrera, MF Fay, MW Chase: Molecular data confirm the phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic Hesperocallis ( Hesperocallidaceae ) with agave. In: Madroño. Volume 51, 2004, pp. 307-311.
- Ole Seberg, Gitte Petersen, Jerrold I. Davis, J. Chris Pires, Dennis W. Stevenson, Mark W. Chase, Michael F. Fay, Dion S. Devey, Tina Jørgensen, Kenneth J. Sytsma, Yohan Pillon: Phylogeny of the Asparagales based on three plastid and two mitochondrial genes. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 99, Number 5, 2012, pp. 875-889 ( doi: 10.3732/ajb.1100468 ).
- P. Roxanne Steele, Kate L. Hertweck, Dustin Mayfield, Michael R. McKain, James Leebens -Mack, J. Chris Pires: Quality and quantity of data recovered from massively parallel sequencing: Examples in Asparagales and Poaceae. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 99, Number 2, 2012, pp. 330-348 ( doi: 10.3732/ajb.1100491 ).