Assistant referee (association football)
In some ball sports the referee by one or more Assistants (LR ) and assistant referees (SRA ) and is partially supported by goal judge.
Football
In football, the line judge called " assistant referee " to meet the increased responsibility in the assistance of the arbitrator for the entire game justice since the 1996/97 season. The assistant referees help the referee with its own range of tasks (eg offside decision, Ball out of play or behind the goal line ), but also where the referee could not perceive offense of players.
The assistant referees are qualified football referee. For each game, there are two assistant referees, each of whom is responsible for one of the two side lines. The assistant referee is located only on the sidelines of a half of the pitch, always on the left side of defense or the right wing. They are each equipped with a flag with which they give the referee a sign if a criminal offside position, one -of-bounds or a foul which the referee could not see exists (see also related technical aids). During the game, the assistant referee tries typically always at the height of the second last player or player (including the goalkeeper ) to stay on the defending team to recognize very well that way offside situations.
In unterklassigen games are usually, both for reasons of cost and the fact follows that there are not enough referees, assistant referees last no. Some associations do without then entirely on assistant referees, while other associations require that everyone has to ask the clubs involved an assistant referee. Their area of responsibility is then limited to the " Ball Out ", they may show no offside or other rule violations. Officially going to these actors called "non- neutral assistant referees " or " club assistant referee ," as such but also by name listed on the game report.
In Austria a certified auxiliary referee is employed as assistant referee in the subclasses. These all have three years training by the panel of arbitrators, but are not members of that but members of the clubs concerned. These auxiliary arbitrators may conduct youth and reserve games or act as an assistant referee. You must view offside, while watching the attack of their own association.
Assistant referees come in Germany, depending on the state association right from the U 15 (C- youth) league, and U 17 (B -Jugend ) division or U 19 (A - Youth) Bezirksoberliga used. In the senior the lowest occupied with SRA division varies depending on the state association between county league and division.
Playoffs in Germany, for example, the ascent or descent of each League or relegation matches, especially at senior level are generally of the referee team in some state associations - that referees plus two assistants - led.
Additional Assistant Referee
In the UEFA Europa League was in season 2009/10 so-called additional assistant referees, known colloquially as goal judges are used. AARs are positioned at the level of the goal line and support the referees in action in the penalty area. The UEFA wanted to counteract bad decisions and mitigate the public debate on technical aids in football. The measure is not achieved at the beginning of the desired effect and partly led to increased calls for the admission of technical aids such as video evidence that even already being used in ice hockey or American football. FIFA and UEFA have this idea but skeptical. Since the season 2010/ 11, the Additional Assistant Referees are also in the UEFA Champions League action.
Tennis
In tennis line judges are stationed on the sidelines and shout " Off", " Out" or "Fault " if the ball touches the ground outside the court, as well as " foot fault " or " Foot Fault" error at a premium. In addition to the close observation of the different lines of the tennis courts, the line judges are also using the chair umpire, coordinate certain processes during the game and help the referee before and after the game with small tasks. The line judges are next to the chair umpire and the umpire who normally is not on the field, the only official on the tennis court.
Hockey
In ice hockey, the two linesmen ( linesmen ) Watch especially the blue lines to possibly offside whistle or display and run by bullies who do not take place at the center. They also pay attention to unauthorized long shots ( Icing ), incorrect substitution and may be used by the main judge in contentious scenes for consultation.
In lower leagues often lack the main referee. Then conduct two equal referee the game ( two-man system ). This case occurs in higher leagues only when the main referee fails shortly before or during the game.
Volleyball
In volleyball, two or four line judges (LR ) are used. In higher-class games they show using a flag, otherwise with hand signals, to:
- Whether the ball has landed in the field or off, or
- If a player of the team that plays on the relevant page, has touched the ball as a last resort ( Touché )
- Whether the ball has touched a power antenna or crosses the net outside of this,
- If a player touches the antenna, while he plays the ball
- If the premium players enter the baseline or has violated or
- If another player is not in the field at the moment of impact.
In Germany is omitted in the lower leagues in part to LR, in the higher leagues two LR are prescribed only in the 1st Bundesliga. At international competitions, four LR principle be used.