Astronaut

A Spaceman (also Weltraumfahrer ) is a participant in a human expedition into outer space. The first spaceman Yuri Gagarin was in 1961. Depending on the space agency is referred to as a spaceman astronaut (eg NASA, ESA, CSA, JAXA ) or cosmonaut ( Soviet Union, Roscosmos / Russia). The Chinese Space Agency used in English- reports in most cases the designation astronaut but also has the designation Taikonaut for participants in their missions marked and occasionally also Cosmonaut ( or cosmonaut ). Less common names are spationauts ( in France), Angkasawan ( in Malaysia), astronauts ( ironically in Austria ) and Vyomanaut or Wiomanaut ( in India).

Designations

The Soviet Union and the United States as the first country with a manned space program established with " Cosmonaut " (Russian космонавт ) or " Astronaut " ( astronaut English ) two differently derived names for astronauts. Hence the tradition to name the occupation of a space traveler on the block membership of the space program developed. So be the first German cosmonaut Sigmund Jähn from the German Democratic Republic and the first Austrian astronaut Franz Viehböck, both flew into space with Soviet space capsules, referred to as " cosmonauts ". In contrast, one called the astronaut Ulf Merbold, Reinhard Furrer and Ernst Schmid diameter of the Federal Republic of Germany, which came with a space shuttle into space, " astronauts". Even after unification, traveled German spaceman now the Russian space program as a science cosmonauts. The astronaut Ulf Merbold was ahead of both the U.S. astronaut Norman Thagard also for cosmonauts.

Even today, the term " cosmonaut " for participants of the Russian space program and "astronaut" for space travelers NASA will be used. The European Space Agency (ESA) took over "astronaut " as the name of your occupation, while other countries developed with its own space program and other names.

Cosmonaut

The word cosmonaut (from Greek cosmos κόσμος = space ναύτης Nautes = seafaring / sailor, or from Russian Космонавт ) denotes spaceman in a Soviet Raumfahrtprogamm. The Russian space agency Roscosmos uses this designation. It is in today's Russia, the CIS countries, used in parts of Central and Eastern Europe and of the elderly population in the new federal states of the Federal Republic of Germany as a general term for astronauts. The word was coined during the race to space in the 1950s and known with Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space worldwide. The image of the cosmonauts had a significance that went beyond the technical or political achievement and the West in the Soviet Union. This is illustrated, among others, in the Museum of Cosmonautics in Moscow.

Astronaut

The word astronaut ( v. ἄστρον Greek astron = star ναύτης Nautes = seafaring / sailor ) leans on Aeronaut (air Schiffer ). NASA decided on 1 December 1958 to call their spacemen astronauts. She supposed to have invented a new word, but it was as early as 1927 by the French science fiction author J.-H. Rosny Aîné been used in his book Les Astronautes. Today it is also commonly used for space travelers in many parts of the world.

Spationaute

The word spationaute ( spatium of latin, room / space ' Greek ναύτης Nautes, sailor ') is a French word for art spaceman.

Taikonaut

The word Taikonaut (太Chinese, Pinyin tài, very large ' 空, kong, sky, emptiness '; together: Space Greek: ναύτης Nautes = sailor ) is composed of two words. " Taikong " means in Chinese "Space" or " cosmos ". The preceding syllable " taiko " is similar to " astro " meaning the three words "astronaut ", " cosmonaut " and " Taikonaut " are perfectly symmetrical, both in meaning and in form. By the omission of the letter " g" of " Taikong " is the word to speak shorter and easier. On the other hand, the debate is thus closer to the word " Taikong ren", the Chinese term for " Spaceman ".

" Taikonaut " is the name for a spaceman flying within the Chinese space program into space. China is to send as a third country in the world capable people with a self- developed missile system on orbit. To these Chinese spaceman cosmonaut of participating in the Russian space program and to distinguish them from astronauts who fly within the Space Shuttle program of NASA, this term was coined. The new word is also expression of the fact that China has its own capacity for manned space flight.

The term " Taikonaut " was first used by Chiew Lee Yih from Malaysia in a newsgroup in May 1998. Almost at the same time it was coined by Chen Lan from Shanghai and used on his website "Go Taikonauts ". Was "Go Taikonauts! " To the time the only reliable English-language source of information on China's space efforts. Chiew Lee Yih and Chen Lan developed the word parallel. Through the website "Go Taikonauts! " The word of the mainly Western media has been taken up in the shortest possible time and within a few months to naturalized designation.

In Chinese the word Yǔhángyuán (宇航员/宇航员, IPA (high Chinese) [y xɑŋ ɥɛn ], Weltraumfahrer ') will be used. In foreign-language publications of the Chinese government, especially the terms " astronaut" and " cosmonaut " used. The Chinese government launched on 15 October 2003 with the spacecraft Shenzhou 5 and the spaceman Yang Liwei to China's first manned space flight (see also: Space of the People's Republic of China).

Vyomanaut

In early 2010 Vyomanaut chosen for upcoming Indian spaceman. The term is derived from Sanskrit (from vyomagami = " something that moves across the sky " ) and Greek ναύτης Nautes = seafarers. The first Indian space flight is planned for 2015.

Angkasawan

The word Angkasawan for spacemen and also the Malaysian space program is derived from the Malay word Angkasa ( space). The two Malaysian cosmonaut Sheikh Faiz Khaleed and Muszaphar Shukor are so far the only spaceman with this designation. She was elected to the Malaysian stand out from other Astronauts, although they participated in a Russian space mission.

Austronaut and Afronaut

Austronaut and Afronaut are not official job titles a Space Agency, but were from the vernacular, or of the press formed. With Austronaut was the first Austrian in space, Franz Viehböck, titled and with Afronaut the first African in space, Mark Shuttleworth in South Africa. The names are made up of Austro - ( for Austria, Latinized for Austria ), or African- ( for Africa), and the Greek suffix- naut ( sailor ).

Training centers

In Russia, the cosmonauts in the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Centre are trained. The Astronaut Corps is based at the NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston. European astronauts will include in Cologne at the ESA European Astronaut Centre Centre (EAC), a former DLR system is formed.

Famous spaceman

For a complete list of the astronauts is found in the list of astronauts, record-breaking records of manned spaceflight.

  • Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin, first man in space (1961 )
  • Alan Shepard, (May 1961) ( to circle the earth without ) the first American in space; (1971 ), the fifth man on the moon
  • German Stepanovich Titov, second Soviet citizen in space ( August 1961 ) and to this day the youngest astronaut ( was in his space flight 25 years old )
  • Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova, first woman in space (1963 )
  • Alexei Leonov, the first spacewalk (1965 )
  • Vladimir Komarov, the first man who died in a space mission (1967 )
  • Neil Armstrong, (1969 ), first man on the moon
  • Edwin Aldrin, (1969 ), second man on the moon
  • John Glenn, (1962 ), first American to orbit the Earth; (1998) the oldest person in space ( 77 years)
  • Edward White, ( 1965), the first American who performed a spacewalk.
  • James Lovell, (1970), commander of Apollo 13
  • Eugene Cernan, (1972 ) to date the last person who has been on the moon, Apollo 17
  • Vladimír Remek, first spaceman a third nation, as a Czech partner of the Soviets (1978 )
  • Sigmund Jähn, first German in space (1978 )
  • John Young, (1981 ), first commander of the Space Shuttle Columbia
  • Jean- Loup Chrétien, first Western Europeans in space, as a Frenchman ( " Spationaut " ) guest of the Soviet Union ( 1982)
  • Sally Ride, first American woman in space, third woman in space after two Soviet citizens ( 1983)
  • Ulf Merbold, (1983 ) first West German astronaut who was part of the first team of the Spacelab. First German, who was both Americans and Russians in space.
  • Franz Viehböck, the first Austrian ( " Austronaut " ) in space as a guest of the Soviet Union ( 1991)
  • Claude Nicollier, (1992 ) first Swiss in space
  • Sergei Krikaljow, starting as the last Soviet citizens who return as first citizen of Russia ( 1991) in space, transmits the current record for the longest total length of stay in space.
  • Valeri Polyakov, longest stay in space or on a space station (1994 /95)
  • Thomas Reiter, German astronaut with the longest stay in space (Mir (1995 /96) and ISS (2006) )
  • Eileen Collins, (1999) first space shuttle commander
  • Dennis Tito, the first space tourist (2001)
  • Yang Liwei, the first Chinese citizen and Taikonaut in Space (2003)
  • Michael Melvill, (2004 ) first astronaut with a non-governmental spacecraft reached space ( suborbital flight ).
  • Anousheh Ansari, first female space tourist (2006)
  • Liu Yang, the first Chinese Taikonautin (2012 )
Ernst Messerschmid Space suit Soviet space program Memorial Museum of Astronautics Angkasawan program Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor Afrikaner (disambiguation) Gherman Titov List of spaceflight records Mike Melvill Liu Yang (astronaut) Project Mercury Project Gemini Skylab Vostok (spacecraft) Voskhod (spacecraft) Salyut programme Shenzhou 10 Shenzhou 6 New Scientist
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