Atelopus
Panama Stummelfußfrosch ( Atelopus zeteki )
The Stummelfußfrösche ( Atelopus ) are sometimes called harlequin frogs or toads Harlequin and form a tropical Latin America - between Costa Rica and Bolivia in the north to the south - Headquartered genus of the family of toads ( Bufonidae ). Currently, about 90 described species are counted to these amphibians - some other former Atelopus species are now assigned to other genera. In older classifications, the Stummelfußfrösche were delineated along with the saddle toads ( Brachycephalus ) as a separate family Atelopidae. Among other things, but the presence of the Bidderschen organ it has as members of the " toads " from.
Description
It is usually very small, slender and sometimes bizarre -built, very colorful and toxic anurans (see for example: Panama Stummelfußfrosch ). The German name refers to the inner fingers and toes often much shorter.
The pupil is horizontal. The tongue is elliptic, entire and free behind lifted. Palate teeth and palate folds are not present. The eardrum is not visible. The fingers are either free or connected with each other at the base by means of a webbing. This does not intervene between the metatarsals of the 4th and 5th toe. The tips of the fingers and toes are at most slightly thickened, but never widened to clear adhesive discs. The end members of the toes are simple and bony. The coracoids and Praecoracoide diverge more or less strong. The Omosternum does not exist. The sternum is cartilaginous. Default, greatly broadened the transverse processes of the sacral vertebra are.
Way of life
Its preferred habitats include gorges of mountain cloud forests. You stay there on the ground and are usually active during the day on the hunt for insects and other small invertebrates. The walks to spawning grounds in fast-flowing mountain streams and small rivers can Stummelfußfrösche weeks or even months to bring in Paarungsumklammerung. The males of many species ejected from quietly warbling or chirping mating calls. The spawn is deposited in cords and attached to plants or stones in the water. The tadpoles have large suction cups, to avoid being drifted in the flow of streams.
Species
Source: AmphibiaWeb, processing status: September 2013
- Atelopus andinus Rivero, 1968
- Atelopus angelito Ardila - Robayo and Ruiz- Carranza, 1998
- Atelopus ardila Coloma, Duellman, Almendáriz, Ron, Terán - Valdez & Guayasamin, 2010
- Atelopus arsyecue Rueda - Almonacid, 1994
- Atelopus arthuri Peters, 1973
- Atelopus balios Peters, 1973
- Atelopus barbotini Lescure, 1981
- Atelopus bomolochos Peters, 1973
- Atelopus boulengeri Peracca, 1904
- Atelopus carauta Ruiz- Carranza & Hernández- Camacho, 1978
- Atelopus carbonerensis Rivero, 1974
- Atelopus carrikeri Ruthven, 1916
- Atelopus certus Barbour, 1923
- Atelopus chiriquiensis Shreve, 1936
- Atelopus chirripoensis Savage & Bolanos, 2009
- Atelopus chocoensis Lötters, 1992
- Atelopus chrysocorallus La Marca, 1996
- Atelopus coynei Miyata, 1980
- Atelopus cruciger (Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856)
- Atelopus dimorphus Lötters, 2003
- Atelopus ebenoides Rivero, 1963
- Atelopus elegans ( Boulenger, 1882)
- Atelopus epikeisthos Lötters, Schulte & Duellman, 2005
- Atelopus erythropus Boulenger, 1903
- Atelopus eusebianus Rivero & Granados - Díaz, 1993
- Atelopus eusebiodiazi Venegas, Catenazzi, Siu -Ting & Carillo, 2008
- Atelopus famelicus Rivero & Morales, 1995
- Atelopus farci Lynch, 1993
- Atelopus flavescens Duméril & Bibron, 1841
- Atelopus franciscus Lescure, 1974
- Atelopus galactogaster Rivero & Serna, 1993
- Atelopus gigas Coloma, Duellman, Almendáriz, Ron, Terán - Valdez & Guayasamin, 2010
- Atelopus guanujo Coloma, 2002
- Atelopus guitarraensis Osorno - Muñoz, Ardila - Robayo and Ruiz- Carranza, 2001
- Atelopus halihelos Peters, 1973
- Atelopus hoogmoedi Lescure, 1974
- Atelopus ignescens ( Cornalia, 1849) (†)
- Atelopus laetissimus Ruiz- Carranza, Ardila - Robayo & Hernández- Camacho, 1994
- Atelopus limosus Ibáñez, Jaramillo & Solís, 1995
- Atelopus loettersi De la Riva, Castroviejo - Fisher, Chaparro, BOISTEL & Padial, 2011
- Atelopus longibrachius Rivero, 1963
- Atelopus longirostris Cope, 1868 (†)
- Atelopus lozanoi Osorno - Muñoz, Ardila - Robayo and Ruiz- Carranza, 2001
- Atelopus lynchi Cannatella, 1981
- Atelopus mandingues Osorno - Muñoz, Ardila - Robayo and Ruiz- Carranza, 2001
- Atelopus marinkellei Cochran & Goin, 1970
- Atelopus mindoensis Peters, 1973
- Atelopus minutulus Ruiz- Carranza, Hernández- Camacho & Ardila - Robayo, 1988
- Atelopus mittermeieri Acosta - Galvis, Rueda - Almonacid, Velásquez - Álvarez, Sánchez- Pacheco & Peña Prieto, 2006
- Atelopus monohernandezii Ardila - Robayo, Osorno - Muñoz & Ruiz- Carranza, 2002
- Atelopus mucubajiensis Rivero, 1974
- Atelopus Muisca Rueda - Almonacid & Hoyos, 1992
- Atelopus nahumae Ruiz- Carranza, Ardila - Robayo & Hernández- Camacho, 1994
- Atelopus nanay Coloma, 2002
- Atelopus nepiozomus Peters, 1973
- Atelopus nicefori Rivero, 1963
- Atelopus nocturnus Bravo Valencia & Rivera- Correa, 2011
- Atelopus onorei Coloma, Lötters, Duellman & Miranda - Leiva, 2007
- Atelopus orcesi Coloma, Duellman, Almendáriz, Ron, Terán - Valdez & Guayasamin, 2010
- Atelopus oxapampae teaching, Lötters & Lundberg, 2008
- Atelopus oxyrhyncus Boulenger, 1903
- Atelopus pachydermus Schmidt, 1857
- Atelopus palmatus Andersson, 1945
- Atelopus pastuso Coloma, Duellman, Almendáriz, Ron, Terán - Valdez & Guayasamin, 2010
- Atelopus patazensis Venegas, Catenazzi, Siu -Ting & Carillo, 2008
- Atelopus pedimarmoratus Rivero, 1963
- Atelopus peruensis Gray & Cannatella, 1985
- Atelopus petersi Coloma, Lötters, Duellman & Miranda - Leiva, 2007
- Atelopus petriruizi Ardila - Robayo, 1999
- Atelopus pictiventris Kattan, 1986
- Atelopus pinangoi Rivero, 1982
- Atelopus planispina Jiménez de la Espada, 1875
- Atelopus podocarpus Coloma, Duellman, Almendáriz, Ron, Terán - Valdez & Guayasamin, 2010
- Atelopus pulcher Boulenger, 1882
- Atelopus pyrodactylus Venegas & Barrio, 2005
- Atelopus Quimbaya Ruiz- Carranza & Osorno - Muñoz, 1994
- Atelopus reticulatus Lötters, Haas, Schick & Böhme, 2002
- Atelopus sanjosei Rivero & Serna, 1989
- Atelopus seminiferous Cope, 1874
- Atelopus senex Taylor, 1952
- Atelopus sernai Ruiz- Carranza & Osorno - Muñoz, 1994
- Atelopus simulatus Ruiz- Carranza & Osorno - Muñoz, 1994
- Atelopus Siranus Lötters & Henzl, 2000
- Atelopus sonsonensis Velez -Rodriguez & Ruiz- Carranza, 1997
- Atelopus sorianoi La Marca, 1983
- Atelopus spumarius Cope, 1871
- Atelopus spurrelli Boulenger, 1914
- Atelopus subornatus Werner, 1899
- Atelopus tamaensis La Marca, García- Pérez & Renjifo, 1990
- Atelopus tricolor Boulenger, 1902 - tricolor Stummelfußfrosch
- Atelopus varius (Lichtenstein & Martens, 1856)
- Atelopus vermiculatus McDiarmid, 1973; is partly regarded as a subspecies of A. flavescens
- Atelopus Vogli Müller, 1934 (†)
- Atelopus walkeri Rivero, 1963
- Atelopus zeteki Dunn, 1933 - Panama Stummelfußfrosch
Endangering
Sad awareness have Stummelfußfrösche recently thereby obtained that almost all species are acutely threatened in their survival: The IUCN classifies 85 species assessed only 67 in the highest risk category " critically endangered " ( critically endangered ) one, three species are considered safe " extinct " ( extinct). According to a 2005 study showed by the then considered 113 described species, 42 a significant Abundanzrückgang, 30 species were considered lost. Only 10 species were regarded as stable in their inventory. The type Atelopus balios is now even counted by the IUCN to the one hundred most endangered species.
The massive decline in Stummelfußfrösche is among other causes primarily for infection by the chytrid fungus ( Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ) returned, especially in the case of the populations in Central America. Meanwhile, bring increased incidence studies again with an incipient climate change in context. So should result in the nights increased cloud formation over the mountain habitats to higher average temperatures, which expands the optimum for the growth of the chytrid fungus temperature range.
The decline also likely to have contributed to the Western industrialized countries mass exports, where these amphibians were kept in terrariums - often with little success and correspondingly high " animal consumption ".